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Previous literature mainly focused on the categorization of prepositions in investigation of the syntactical structure Pashto grammar. This paper will adopt syntactical model of Svenonius to examine the syntactic structure of Pashto prepositional system and will compare it with English to find out differences between English and Pashto prepositions. Svenonius’ model has been applied to the structured data on preposition IN and ON in English and PUH-KE and PUH-BANDE in Pashto retrieved from different sources. Purposeful structured sample was used for analysis. The analysis revealed that the prepositional systems in two languages exhibit syntactic and semantic differences, which often affect the translation and learning of second language. The analysis also revealed that the Svenonius’s model has to be modified to harness the syntactical structure of Pashto language. Moreover, Pashto speakers use the contact schema more often in expression of spatial relations than the English, and this paper suggests further research into spatial schemas to comprehensively analyze the Pashto prepositions.

Background: Post-operative tonsillectomy pain is widely observed especially among children which leads to longer hospitalization, slower recovery, eating disorder and continuation of IV fluids ingestion. Objective: To compare mean pain scores between intravenous versus rectal acetaminophen in children undergoing tonsillectomy. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anesthesiology, Surgical Intensive Care & Pain Management, Civil Hospital Karachi, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi from 15th July 2015 to 14th January 2016. Methodology: Seventy eight patients with American Society of Anesthesiologist Physical Status (ASA) I and II having age 4-10 years of either gender presented with chronic tonsillitis and duration of disease of more than or equal to one year and underwent elective surgeries (tonsillectomy) were enrolled. Patients were randomly allocated by computer generated random number in two groups; group A received intravenous acetaminophen and group B received rectal acetaminophen. In group A, intravenous acetaminophen 10mg/kg was given and in group B, rectal acetaminophen 15mg/kg was given. Postoperative pain was assessed after 4 hour in ward based on CHIPPS criteria. Results: Mean age was 6.69 2.12 years in intravenous group whereas 5.94±1.97 years in rectal group (P=0.114). Mean duration of disease in intravenous group was 1.82±0.72 years whereas in rectal group, it was 2.07±0.62 (P=0.097). Mean pain score in intravenous group was 2.65±0.05 and 1.97±0.01in rectal group (P=0.001). Conclusion: Significant difference was observed in mean pain scores between intravenous versus rectal acetaminophen in children undergoing tonsillectomy Keywords: Tonsillectomy, Intravenous versus rectal acetaminophen, Pain scores

Objective: This study was performed to evaluate how well thyroid nodules with nonspecific fine needle aspiration cytology and nonrandom nodules performed symptomatically for thyroid cancer. Study Design: Cross-sectional & observational study. Place and Duration: The study was conducted at Jinnah Hospital in July 2012. Methodology: We included individuals with thyroid nodules who had thyroidectomy after having their nodules assessed by the US were taken into consideration. We only took into account studies where surgical samples have been diagnosed by histology. For full-text evaluation, all of the chosen studies were accessed. Stata v11.0 software was used for all statistical analyses. Results: There were 52 observational studies totaling 12,816 nodules. 10 studies classified 1852 nodules that had uncertain cytology as a different group. With probabilities ranging from 2.15 to 3.77, all US characteristics of nonrandom nodules were substantially linked with cancer; micro calcifications, discontinuous edges, and a taller than broad form had significant particularities (Sp; 89.8 %, 85.3 %, and 98.1 %) and favorable probability ratios (LHR; 5.16, 4.19, 10.17). The one aspect with the better diagnostic efficacy was lack of flexibility (sensitivity 89.1 %, Sp 88.3 %, and positive LHR 8.19). Conclusions: Ultrasound characteristics are not an effective way to identify nodules that require fine needle aspiration cytology. To standardize elastography procedures and assess results, particularly in nodules with an undetermined cytology, more research is necessary. Keywords: Thyroid Ultrasound Features, Risk Of Carcinoma, Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis.