The pattern of childhood malignancies in the developing countries of Africa is characterized by a high incidence of lymphoma and a low incidence of leukaemia. The converse is the case in the developed countries of Europe and North America. A high incidence of lymphoma with low incidence of leukaemia has been associated with poor living standards. The clinical records of 257 children admitted with malignant disease to the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu between January 1978 and December 1982 were studied retrospectively to determine the pattern of malignant diseases amongst these children. The lymphomas were the commonest tumours, constituting nearly 40% of the total, followed by Wilm's tumour (14.0%), leukaemia (12.9%) and CNS tumours (9.7%). However, the incidence of lymphoma was lower while the incidence of leukaemia was higher than in previous reports from other parts of Nigeria and Africa. The rarity of Ewing's tumour, histocytosis-X and testicular tumours in African children is confirmed in the present study.