The financing model is based on an average of 60% of funding coming from Tekes and an average of 40% of the research conducted in the SHOKs being co-funded by the companies involved. Between 2008 and September 2012, Tekes funded these SHOK programmes with a total of over 343 million €. Centres are organised as limited companies around clusters of public-private partnerships, with the aim of creating new knowledge and expertise and accelerating innovation processes and industrial renewal through new types of cooperation, interaction and co-creation. Activities are intended to support the emergence of internationally competitive and attractive innovation environments in Finland. SHOK research is based on strategic research agendas (SRA) defined by the partnerships themselves, with both relevance and excellence as the primary criteria, with the objectives of industrial and societal renewal promoted within a five to ten year time span.The SHOK 'model' has emerged as a popular industry-driven instrument. The Centres have succesfully defined their strategic agendas and by promoting these have produced new instruments for innovation and research policy. There are however a number of challenges with the current SHOK model. These include the multiple and often internally contradictory objectives, often leading to inadequate steering and performance guidance. Tensions can also be identified between the short-terms interests of industry and the longer-term perspective required in the promotion of cutting edge or 'breakthrough' scientific research. Despite the high expectations, the international dimension of SHOk activity has also remained low.The report's recommendations propose a number of improvements and clarifications, most specifically in selection processes, governance and monitoring. Seeking to combine relevant industry-driven and scientific expertise, the SHOK model is currently one of the principal innovation instruments of Finland's innovation policy. A key role of the centres is to increase the competitiveness of our research and innovation system, by developing industry-driven research activities, and by focusing resources on selected sections of industry and research. The aim is to create new knowledge and expertise, to accelerate innovation processes, and to bring industrial renewal through new types of cooperation, interaction and co-creation. programmes. An average of 40% of the research conducted by the SHOKs is being co-funded by the companies involved. The Academy of Finland has channelled funding to areas of research in which the SHOK companies operate, and has offered special sources of funding for these areas.After several years of SHOK activities, it has become necessary to carry out an independent external evaluation. As well as offering an assessment of the performance of individual SHOKs, the evaluation provides an analysis of SHOK as a policy instrument, and offers forward-looking conclusions which can be utilised by ministries and the bodies which fund research and innovation policy, and those ...

Hallinnon tutkimuksen tulevaisuus VastapainoTampere 2022 © Vastapaino, tekijät isbn 978-951-768-995-3 (painettu kirja

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This paper presents an empirical account of a phenomenon that we refer to as the 'reverse tragedy of the commons' in open innovation. The name signifies the 'under-exploitation' of intellectual property under weak appropriability. The name is this graphic because the tragedy is costly, and can also render intellectual property effectively worthless and block innovation in the short to medium term. We propose that the tragedy is borne out of the interaction between enterprise characteristics, a competitive setting and the framework that is set by the policy intervention. This finding is pertinent to policy makers with regard to the design of research, development and innovation instruments, as well as managers who must determine how to implement open practices in innovation.

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