A wide variety of programming abstractions have been developed for cyber-physical systems. These approaches provide support for the composition of cyber-physical systems from generic units of application functionality. This paper surveys the current state-of-the-art in composition mechanisms for cyber physical systems and reviews each approach in terms of its support for composition analysis, re-use and adaptation. We then review approaches for modeling and verifying cyberphysical application compositions and conclude by proposing promising research directions that will address these shortcomings.

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Computers have been in use for many years to build high confidence systems in safety-critical domains such as aircraft control, space transportation and exploration, and nuclear power plant management. However, due to the recent rush in developing ubiquitous and pervasive computing applications and a demand from across the world to access information from shared sources, the mosaic of computing ecosystem has undergone a radical change. It is in this context that computing has to be made trustworthy. To build and manage a trustworthy system it is necessary to blend and harmonize socially acceptable and technically feasible norms of trust. This in turn requires a generic formal model in which trust categories can be specified, trusted communication can be enabled, and trustworthy transactions can be specified and reasoned about. In this paper we introduce a formal intensional model of trust and suggest how it can be integrated into a trust management system.