BackgroundThe management of neuropathic pain (NP) is challenging despite it being the recent focus of extensive research. A number of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for the management of NP have been published worldwide over the past 2 decades. This study aimed to assess the quality of these CPGs.MethodsWe performed a systematic review of published CPGs for the management of NP. Three reviewers independently assessed the quality of the CPGs using the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation II (AGREE-II) instrument, and recommendations of CPGs were also appraised.ResultsA total of 16 CPGs were included. Thirteen CPGs were developed using an evidence-based approach, and the remaining CPGs were produced by consensus panels. None of CPGs obtained a score greater than 50 % in all six AGREE II instrument domains mainly owing to poor performance in the “Applicability” domain. The highest score of the CPGs was achieved in “Clarity and Presentation” domain, followed by “Scope and Purpose” and “Editorial Independence” domains, and the lowest scores were found the in “Applicability” domain. The majority of the CPG recommendations on the management of patients with NP were relatively consistent, especially regarding the recommendation of stepwise treatment with medication.ConclusionsGreater efforts are needed not only to improve the quality of development and presentation of the CPGs, but also to provide more efficacy evidence for the management of patients with NP.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12871-015-0150-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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During osteoarthritis, the oxidation-reduction balance will be broken, resulting in the excessive formation of reactive oxygen species. These reactive oxygen species have been shown to disrupt proteins, lipids, and deoxyribonucleic acid. They induce oxidative strain, which can induce the development of osteoarthritis and lead to worse consequences. To solve this problem, antioxidant molecules have attracted wide attention for their ability to scavenge free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Nevertheless, most antioxidants encounter obstacles that affect their bioavailability, including a narrow absorption capacity, difficulty in penetrating cell membranes, and disintegration during delivery. Therefore, to solve these problems, the excellently targeted delivery, biocompatibility, deformability, and other characteristics of nanoparticles and hydrogels have been considered, and nanoparticles and hydrogels are at present being widely developed as antioxidant carriers. Nanoparticles and hydrogels that target the oxidative stress pathway can be mixed with antioxidants to increase their bioavailability, adhesion, and other related characteristics, which leads to better treatment of osteoarthritis. This research study aims to examine the biological scaffolds of osteoarthritis, which contain antioxidant nanoparticles and antioxidant hydrogels, as well as process controlling reactive oxygen compounds throughout the entire knee joint cavity. In addition, current challenges and potential solutions that can use antioxidant nanoparticles and antioxidant hydrogel biological scaffolds have been proposed to provide a theoretical basis for their future clinical applications.