Piper nigrum prove to be effective for prevention of Alzheimer's disease. This finding has to be confirmed with studies including larger population. Further research on cholinesterase inhibitors, role of flavonoids on prevention of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease can be encouraged.

The aim was to evaluate the analgesic activity of perindopril in chemical, thermal and mechanical pain on Swiss albino mice. A total of 54 albino mice (Swiss strain) weighing 25-30 g were allocated to each experimental model and in each model there were three groups. The control group received normal saline (25 ml/kg) per orally, standard group received pentazocine (10 mg/kg) intra-peritoneal and test groups received perindopril (1 mg/kg) per orally. Perindopril and normal saline was administered 2 h before, whereas the pentazocine was administered 15 min prior to Eddy's hot plate, writhing and tail clip methods. The decrease in number of writhes, the delay in reaction time in tail clip and Eddy's hot plate method denoted the analgesic activity. Perindopril decreased the number of writhes, delayed the reaction time in tail clip and Eddy's hot plate method considerably when compared with control (normal saline), but less when compared with standard (pentazocine). Perindopril exhibits analgesic activity in thermal, chemical, and mechanical pain models in albino mice.

Zinc-dependent proteolytic enzymes known as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a class of structurally related enzymes that are known to be crucial in the catabolic turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. MMPs are thought to control the activity of a number of non-ECM bioactive substrates, such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and cell receptors, which control the tissue microenvironment. The interaction between cells and ECM plays a key role in normal development and differentiation of organism and many pathological states as well. The primary class of controlling proteases in the ECM is known as MMPs. Aspects of normal physiology and pathology depend on the ability of MMPs to change the structural integrity of tissues. Uncontrolled ECM turnover, tissue remodeling, inflammatory response, cell proliferation, and migration are pathogenic alterations that can result from an imbalance between the concentration of active metalloproteinases and their inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases [TIMPs]). This detailed review provides some information on the function of MMPs in inflammatory, caries and periapical, cancer, and other oral diseases. Blood and saliva are the two biological fluids that are most frequently used to diagnose oral disorders. Most of the ECM components in patients undergo digestion to lower molecular weight forms, resulting in much higher amounts of MMPs in their saliva/blood than in healthy individuals. Conventional treatment successfully reduces the levels of MMPs which inhibits the progressive breakdown of collagens in ECM components.

INTRODUCTIONEpilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate seizures, may be associated with emotional and cognitive dysfunction. This disorder affects 50 million people worldwide and hence, is one of the most common neurological disorder. Despite the availability of a wide range of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), about one-third of individuals with epilepsy still experience seizures that do not respond to medication.2 Thus, an urgent need exist for effective therapies to be developed. In spite of the vast number of drugs introduced for the treatment of epilepsy, there is still a need for an ideal antiepileptic agent with broad spectrum of activity, rapid onset of action, more economical and least side effects.Epilepsy may be associated with other comorbid conditions like hypertension, diabetes, renal disorders etc. Many researches are in progress, to prove if the drugs used for these disorders like ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, AT II receptor antagonist etc. have any effect on seizure prevention. ABSTRACTBackground: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate seizures, may be associated with emotional and cognitive dysfunction. Objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the anticonvulsant activity of different doses of imidapril and quinapril in animal models of epilepsy. Methods: Swiss albino mice weighing around 25-30g of either sex were divided into 6 groups: control (R.O-10 ml/kg), standard-sodium valproate (40 mg/kg), Q1-quinapril (1.5 mg/kg), Q2-quinapril (10.4 mg/kg), I1-imidapril (0.65mg/kg) and I2-imidapril (2.6 mg/kg). 1 hour after administration of control, test and standard drugs (orally) test was conducted. Convulsions were induced by administering PTZ (70 mg/kg-i.p.) in PTZ model. Seizure latency was the parameter recorded. In MES model, maximal seizures were evoked by supra maximal electroshock stimulation of 50 mA, 50 HZ for 0.2 seconds by using conventional electro convulsion meter. Suppression of tonic hind limb extension was taken as measure of efficacy. Results: The results were analysed by one-way-ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison test. In MES test, dose dependently quinapril and imidapril significantly reduced the duration of tonic hind limb extension in comparison to control (p<0.05) percentage inhibition of seizures by I2 is 58.1%, I1-38.6%, Q2-19.7% and Q1-12.2% with maximum inhibition of seizure produced by I2 in comparison to control in MES test. In PTZ test, dose dependently quinapril and imidapril produced significant increase in seizure latency (p<0.05). Percentage inhibition of seizures by I2-65.8%, I1-59.3%, Q2-50.9% and Q1-33.5% in comparison to control. Conclusions: Quinapril and imidapril in a dose dependent manner showed increase in antiepileptic activity, imidapril has better antiepileptic activity when compared to quinapril.