According to the minimal criteria of the International Society of Cellular Therapy, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a population of undifferentiated cells defined by their ability to adhere to plastic surfaces when cultured under standard conditions, express a certain panel of phenotypic markers and can differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic lineages when cultured in specific inducing media. In parallel with their major role as undifferentiated cell reserves, MSCs have immunomodulatory functions which are exerted by direct cell-to-cell contacts, secretion of cytokines and/or by a combination of both mechanisms. There are no convincing data about a principal difference in the profile of cytokines secreted by MSCs isolated from different tissue sources, although some papers report some quantitative but not qualitative differences in cytokine secretion. The present review focuses on the basic cytokines secreted by MSCs as described in the literature by which the MSCs exert immunodulatory effects. It should be pointed out that MSCs themselves are objects of cytokine regulation. Hypothetical mechanisms by which the MSCs exert their immunoregulatory effects are also discussed in this review. These mechanisms may either influence the target immune cells directly or indirectly by affecting the activities of predominantly dendritic cells. Chemokines are also discussed as participants in this process by recruiting cells of the immune systems and thus making them targets of immunosuppression. This review aims to present and discuss the published data and the personal experience of the authors regarding cytokines secreted by MSCs and their effects on the cells of the immune system. © 2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.Key words: Mesenchymal stem cells; Immunomodulation; Cytokines; Chemokines; Dendritic cells Core tip: Autoimmune diseases affect approximately 5% of the human population, leading to serious disability and effective methods to treat these diseases are still not perfect. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are assumed to be promising agents, both for regenerative medicine and cell therapy for autoimmune disorders. Under the influence of some factors, mesenchymal stem cells secrete cytokines which induce suppression of the immune response. Studies on the secreted cytokines and the precise mechanisms involved in these suppressive mechanisms would create possibilities for efficient application of MSCs as a therapeutic means for treatment of autoimmune diseases.Kyurkchiev D, Bochev I, Ivanova-Todorova E, Mourdjeva M, REVIEWSubmit a

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a new and promising tool for therapy of autoimmune disorders. In recent years their possibility to take part in the modulation of the immune response is discussed. The exact mechanisms for immunoregulation realized by MSCs are not clear yet, but interactions with other immunoregulatory cells may be involved in this process. The investigation of the influence of MSCs on the expression of FoxP3 and cytokine secretion by T helper cells was the aim of this study. T helper cells were isolated from PBMCs by magnetic separation and MSCs were isolated from human adipose tissue, and CD4+ T cells were cultured with conditional medium of MSCs. The methods which were used include flow cytometry, ELISA, and Human Proteome profiler kits. The results demonstrated that secretory factors in MSCs conditional medium lead to increased expression of FoxP3 and increased secretion of IL-10 by T helpers. The obtained results give us opportunity to discuss the interaction between two kinds of immunoregulatory cells: MSCs and FoxP3+ T helpers. We suppose that this interaction leads to increased number of immunosuppressive helpers which secrete IL-10. MSCs provide some of their immunosuppressive functions acting on T regulatory cells, and we believe that IL-6 secreted by MSCs is involved in this process.

This study describes the effect of collagen type I (Col I) oxidation on its physiological remodeling by adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs), both mechanical and proteolytic, as an in vitro model for the acute oxidative stress that may occur in vivo upon distinct environmental changes. Morphologically, remodeling was interpreted as the mechanical rearrangement of adsorbed FITC-labelled Col I into a fibril-like pattern. This process was strongly abrogated in cells cultured on oxidized Col I albeit without visible changes in cell morphology. Proteolytic activity was quantified utilizing fluorescence de-quenching (FRET effect). The presence of ADMSCs caused a significant increase in native FITC-Col I fluorescence, which was almost absent in the oxidized samples. Parallel studies in a cell-free system confirmed the enzymatic de-quenching of native FITC-Col I by Clostridial collagenase with statistically significant inhibition occurring in the oxidized samples. Structural changes to the oxidized Col I were further studied by differential scanning calorimetry. In the oxidized samples, an additional endotherm with sustained enthalpy (∆H) was observed at 33.6 °C along with Col I’s typical one at 40.5 °C. Collectively, these data support that the remodeling of Col I by ADMSCs is altered upon oxidation due to intrinsic changes to the protein’s structure, which represents a novel mechanism for the control of stem cell behavior.