BACKGROUND: Ultrasonography provides a quick assessment of visceral organ dimensions without any risk of radiation. Since many diseases can affect the kidney size, having a reliable reference for kidney length in children is valuable for clinical assessment.OBJECTIVE: Establish normal growth curves for renal length in relation to sex, age, body weight, height, body mass index and body surface area of healthy children in Saudi Arabia.DESIGN: Retrospective review of ultrasonography images.SETTING: Tertiary referral hospital.PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included all normal ultrasonography exams of renal length from full-term neonates to children ≤14 years old performed between 2003 and 2018. Data was collected retrospectively from the electronic archive and patient records.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relationship between the longitudinal length of both kidneys and age, height, weight, body mass index and body surface area.SAMPLE SIZE: 950 patients.RESULTS: The left kidneys were longer than the right kidneys (P<.001). Height had the most significant correlation with kidney length (R2=0.829, P<.001 for right kidney; R2=0.831,P<.001 for left kidney). There was a consistent difference in kidney length by sex. Both kidneys were longer in males than females (P=.031, right kidney:, P=.015, left kidney). In terms of renal growth by age, our data showed a statistically significant difference before and after 24 months of age. There was no significant difference between populations from Saudi Arabia, Hong Kong (P=.485) and Australia (P=.99), but the difference between Saudi and American children was significant (P<.001). However, we did not have the data from those studies for direct comparison. The correlation plots of renal length versus age for all four countries were similar.CONCLUSION: The tables and correlation plots generated from this study should be useful to radiology departments in assessing conditions in children ≤14 years of age that lead to changes in renal size.LIMITATIONS: Retrospective, and there were differences in ultrasonographic techniques for patient positioning and cursor placement that can affect the reproducibility of measurements of renal length.CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None.

Congenital pulmonary airway malformation of the lung is a rare lesion that commonly affects the lower respiratory tract, which manifests as progressive respiratory distress in the neonatal period. This case is highlighted to raise awareness of the variable evolving morphological and radiological appearance of this entity.

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound is commonly the first-line imaging modality for assessing the visceral organ dimensions without any risk of radiation. An abnormal size of the spleen may indicate disease, but the evaluation is challenging because of the normal size changes with age. In addition, published normal value charts for children may vary by population and methods. OBJECTIVES: Determine normal growth curves for splenic length in relationship to sex, age, body weight, height, body mass index, and body surface area of healthy children in Saudi Arabia. DESIGN: A retrospective review of ultrasonography images SETTING: Tertiary referral hospital SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We included all normal ultrasonography exams of splenic length (from full-term neonates to 16 years of age) performed between 2003 and 2018. The greatest longitudinal distance of the spleen from the dome to the tip (splenic length) measured at the hilum in the coronal plane was obtained by ultrasonography. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The relationship between the longitudinal length of the spleen and sex, age, height, weight, body mass index, and body surface area. SAMPLE SIZE: 1028 healthy children RESULTS: Height had the most significant correlation with the length of the spleen ( P <.001). There was a consistent difference in splenic length according to sex. The spleen was longer in males than in females in children older than 2 years. In terms of splenic growth according to age, our data showed a statistically significant correlation between the ages of 0-24 months and 2-16 years. There was a significant difference between cases from Saudi Arabia, the United States ( P =.023) and India ( P =.045). CONCLUSION: We developed scatter plots between splenic lengths and body parameters among Saudi children for children from 0 day to 24 months and children from 2 years to 16 years for reference. LIMITATION: Retrospective study. Ultrasound techniques in patient positioning, and cursor placement differed from other studies, which can affect measurements of splenic length. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: None.

Septic arthritis is truly an emergency condition that needs an early diagnosis by appropriate clinical examination/judgment and using fast, available, and accurate radiological imaging and laboratory septic workup. Early diagnosis may prevent complications that may otherwise lead to the patient's disability.