With the advent of cloud computing, many new networking concepts have been introduced to simplify network management and bring innovation through network programmability. The emergence of the software-defined networking (SDN) paradigm is one of these adopted concepts in the cloud model so as to eliminate the network infrastructure maintenance processes and guarantee easy management. In this fashion, SDN offers real-time performance and responds to high availability requirements. However, this new emerging paradigm has been facing many technological hurdles; some of them are inherent, while others are inherited from existing adopted technologies. In this paper, our purpose is to shed light on SDN related issues and give insight into the challenges facing the future of this revolutionary network model, from both protocol and architecture perspectives. Additionally, we aim to present different existing solutions and mitigation techniques that address SDN scalability, elasticity, dependability, reliability, high availability, resiliency, security, and performance concerns.

Abstract-The Purpose of homomorphic encryption is to ensure privacy of data in communication, storage or in use by processes with mechanisms similar to conventional cryptography, but with added capabilities of computing over encrypted data, searching an encrypted data, etc. Homomorphism is a property by which a problem in one algebraic system can be converted to a problem in another algebraic system, be solved and the solution later can also be translated back effectively. Thus, homomorphism makes secure delegation of computation to a third party possible. Many conventional encryption schemes possess either multiplicative or additive homomorphic property and are currently in use for respective applications. Yet, a Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) scheme which could perform any arbitrary computation over encrypted data appeared in 2009 as Gentry's work. In this paper, we propose a multi-cloud architecture of N distributed servers to repartition the data and to nearly allow achieving an FHE.

Software‐defined networking (SDN) is a relatively new approach in network management that proposes to separate the network control (Control plane) and the forwarding process (Data plane) to optimize the network infrastructure and improve network performance, controllability, manageability and flexibility. However, like every technology, SDN has brought its own new challenges in terms of security and scalability which are very important aspects that should be considered to design and build a resilient architecture in order to meet carrier grade network requirements. In this paper, we propose a secure SDN architecture with IEEE 802.1X port‐based authentication where we also consider the controller's scalability issue by devolving the access control capability to the data plane. In this way, we reduce the high demand and the workload on the SDN controller. Our proposed model presents a novel SDN network architecture and logical network segmentation which provides an optimal and secure network access with low latency. We have implemented and tested our architecture to show its performance (authentication delays). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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