Medicinal chemistryMedicinal chemistry V 1100 Glycolamide Esters of 4-Biphenylacetic Acid as Potential Prodrugs-Synthetic and Spectral Studies. -14 Glycolamide esters of type (I) are prepared as prodrugs of 4-biphenylacetic acid which is one of the active metabolites of the anti-inflammatory drug fenbufen. -(SHARMA*, P. D.; SINGH, K. J.; GUPTA, S.; CHANDIRAN, S.; Indian J. Chem., Sect. B: Org. Chem. Incl. Med. Chem. 43 (2004) 3, 636-642; Univ. Inst. Pharm. Sci., Panjab Univ., Chandigarh 160 014, India; Eng.) -M. Bohle 29-215

A rise in heavy metal contamination especially in the rhizosphere affecting the growth and yield of crops is a major concern. We aimed to study the influence of using calcium silicate (CS) and ascorbic acid (AsA) supplements on lowering the impact of cadmium-induced toxicityin mung bean. Both the supplements alone or in combination improved growth characteristics of cadmium (Cd) stressed mung bean plants like root-shoot length and fresh-dry weight. Leaf pigments like chlorophyll and carotenoids were also restored. A significant improvement in the relative leaf water content (RLWC) and low electrolyte leakage (EL) at the membrane was recorded. Results were more promising when combinations of CS and AsA treatments were used against the lower concentration of cadmium. Hence, both CS and AsA interact synergistically to alleviate Cd induced metal toxicity in mung bean plants.

The interaction between cadmium- a toxic metal and zinc- an essential micronutrient was investigated in influencing the activity of various antioxidant enzymes and related metabolites in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Higher levels of cadmium (Cd) stimulate the activity of potential enzymes like ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) accompanied by the buildup of non-enzymatic metabolites, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline due to rise in oxidative stress of plants.  Also, the reduced activity of catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and ascorbic acid (AsA) content was based upon Cd treatment levels. Application of zinc (Zn) combination enhances the activity of enzymes like APX, GR, CAT and SOD in Cd treatments, also confirmed with the depleted levels of H2O2. Zn alone treatment had no significant effect on the activity of such enzymes indicating the toxicity owing to Cd treatments only. The accumulation behavior of other non-enzymatic metabolites like MDA, proline and ascorbic acid also get reversed with metal combination treatment. Moreover, the efficacy of Zn was more when applied in higher concentrations with low Cd. Thus, Zn plays a key role in plants to counter heavy metal stress by elevating antioxidative defense with higher activity of enzymes and reduced levels of non-enzymatic metabolites, and efficacy of Zn in combination is dose dependent.

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