The increasing demand for water, coupled with the construction of multi-purpose reservoirs to control and regulate snow-melt run-off, requires accurate strearm-flow forecast. For making an accurate prediction of spring run-off, information on the amount of snow accumulation in winter is necessary; this may be achieved through remote-sensing techniques in any inaccessible region.This paper outlines the snow-melt run-off study carried out in a part of Beas basin, India, using Landsat imagery for the years 1973, 1975, 1976, and 1977. The Beas basin lies between long. 76°56' to 77°52'E. and lat. 31°30' to 32°25'N., covering an area about 4900 km2, of which 1400 km2 is permanently covered by snow. The gradual melting of snow accumulated over the catchment area during the winter months is responsible for the perennial character of the Beas River.Photohydrological investigation of the part of the Beas basin up-stream of Barji was carried out and a study was made for the estimation of the snow-melt run-off during the pre-monsoon period in the sub-basin up-stream of Manali. For this purpose, the sub-basin has been divided into permanent and temporary snow-covered zones. The degree-day method and the melt due to rainfall on snow have been used to estimate snow-melt run-off. The routing of snow-melt, after accounting for losses as well as the run-off from the excess rainfall from the permanent and temporary snow-covered areas, has also been done taking the recession coefficient K as 0.90, and the excess rain from the non-snow-covered areas has been assumed to contribute directly to the run-off for that day. Run-off coefficients of 0.595 for rainfall on the snow-covered areas and 0.278 for rainfall on the non-snow-covered areas have been determined.Reference can be made to similar work in India and Pakistan to establish the relationship between the snow cover and the cumulative discharges for the months of March, April, and May of the years 1973, 1975, 1976, and 1977, and an exponential trend was observed with the help of Landsat Imagery. Furthermore, the snow-covered areas as determined from bands 5 and 7 of the Landsat imagery, for the same day, showed a linear trend.The analysis of the results shows that remote-sensing data used in conjunction with conventional methods are likely to improve the accuracy of the snow-melt forecasts in remote areas like the Himalayan catchments.

The Indian healthcare practice is pluralistic and unique since it is poised with many challenges. High out of pocket (OOPE) expenditure, scanty institutional facilities, and expensive private healthcare, etc. have strong bearing on adoption of traditional health care practices besides socio-cultural and other gradients. The paper addresses the dynamics and determinants of the access to traditional medicines in India using the representative dataset of the national sample survey (71st and 75th round) conducted in 2014 and 2017-2018. The analysis includes descriptive statistics, conditional Logit regression with marginal effects and Tobit regressions models. Results confirm increased access to traditional medicines even in case of major ailments which has reduced the OOPE on healthcare. The Covid19 pandemic has synergised the use of AYUSH owing to its immunity-boosting measures. The paper also incorporates some of the recent policy initiatives taken over recently in India to facilitate the Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Sowa Rigpa, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH).