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The present study proposes a 3-dimensional approach for enhancing the effective piezoelectric properties by poling orientation. The governing parameters for actuation and sensing applications are d 31 and d 31 ∕ 33 , respectively. The effective magnitudes of these parameters, i.e., d eff 31 and d eff 31 ∕ eff 33 , change with poling angles (roll and pitch angles). The combination of poling angles corresponding to the maximum magnitude of d eff 31 and d eff 31 ∕ eff 33 is called the optimum poling angle for piezoelectric materials. BaTiO 3 and KNN piezoelectric materials with tetragonal symmetry show an enhancement in d eff 31 ∕ eff 33 and d eff 31 at an optimized poling angle (roll angle). The piezoelectric material, 0.67Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -0.33PbTiO 3 (PMN-0.33PT) with rhombohedral symmetry, shows a maximum improvement of 575% in d eff 31 ∕ eff 33at an optimum roll angle of 29° and a pitch angle of 60°. On the other hand, PMN-0.33PT shows an enhancement of 2034.44% in the d eff 31 coefficient at optimum roll and pitch angles of 50° and 60°. The effect of poling orientation on different piezoelectric materials with tetragonal and rhombohedral symmetry has been studied for actuation and sensing applications. The experimental approach to achieve inclination of dipoles through the placement of electrodes for different piezoelectric materials is also discussed.

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This article explores the coupled static and dynamic electromechanical responses of single and multilayered functionally graded (FG) graphene platelet (GPL)-reinforced piezoelectric composite (GRPC) plates by developing a 3D finite-element model. The bending and eigenfrequency of piezoelectric FG composite plates are investigated, wherein an active behavior is proposed to be exploited in terms of the functional design of poling angle for a more elementary level property modulation. The numerical results reveal that the mechanical behavior concerning deflection and resonance frequency of FG-GRPC plates can be significantly enhanced and modulated due to the influence of piezoelectricity and a small fraction of GPLs along with the consideration of poling angle in a multiscale fully integrated computational framework. The notions of on-demand property modulation, actuation, and active control are established here by undertaking a comprehensive numerical analysis considering the coupled influences of poling orientations, different distributions, patterns, and weight fractions of GPLs along with different electromechanical loadings. Against the backdrop of the recent advances in microscale manufacturing, the current computational work will provide necessary physical insights in modeling piezoelectric multifunctional FG composites for active control of mechanical properties and harvesting electromechanical energy in a range of devices and systems.