The huge agro-industrial biomass wastes had engendered the need for appropriate treatment technology, which could be deployed to sustainably manage and convert them to useful by-products. Consequently, the comparative anaerobic co-digestion effects of some agricultural biomass on their digestates biochemical properties were conducted. Twelve (12) replicates slurries from four mixing ratios of maize cob, poultry droppings and cow dung (1:0, 1:0, 1:0 and 1:1:1) as treatments TA, TB, TC and TD respectively, were separately digested in 13.6L locally fabricated batch-digester reactors, for eight weeks. Proximate and amino acids constituents were evaluated by standard procedure prior to and at post anaerobic digestion (AD). The biogas yields followed the sequence of TD (2200.7ml/kg) > TB (2197.9ml/kg) >TC (2079.0ml/kg) > TA (1713.2ml/kg), showing co-substrate effects. Proximate assay depicted a decrease in crude lipid across the treatments, with TC (86.82%) and TD (64.66%) as highest and lowest values. Crude fiber and nitrogen free extract had similar observation, apart from TB and TC with increased values. Percentage moisture and percentage ash contents increased across treatments. Carbon - Nitrogen ratio reduction (C/N Reduction) was in the range of 12.94 -85.79%. The Percentage chemical oxygen demand reduction (CODR), followed the order of TA (46.81%) > TB (34.15) >TC (25.81%) >TD (8.00%). There was increased histidine, glycine, cystine, methionine, total nonessential amino acids (TNEAA) and total aromatic amino acids (TArAA), with decrease in aspartic acids and serine. Percentage arginine, threonine, glutamic acid, proline, alanine, isoleucine, tyrosine, total amino acids (TAA) and total essential amino acid (TEAA) decreased only in TB. While, only TA had Percentage increased lysine (25.00%), valine (40.98%) and TArAA (6.13%), with phenylalanine unaffected (0.00%), Percentage leucine of TB (60.14%) and TD (23.08%) were reduced after AD. The process had revealed the alternative waste management, energy options, and useful industrial by-products for agro-allied industries.

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Competition occurs when individuals or different species are vying for the same resource which is in limited supply. Two complete competitors cannot coexist indefinitely, therefore competitors must differ to some degree in their resource use. The research was carried to investigate how resources are partitioned among the species of sunbirds found in Federal College of Forestry, Jos. Opportunistic sightings along a 200m transect was used for observation. Sunbirds were observed using binoculars between 6:30 – 8am and by 4:30 – 6pm. Six transects were purposively selected in the study area. Sightings along a 200m transect was used to observe; species of sunbird, sex of individual sunbird species, species of flowering plant visited by the sunbird species, activity or behaviour performed by the sunbird (probing, insect hunting, roosting, perching etc.) and duration of activity. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA and post hoc test was used to analyse the data obtained. Results showed that forty-three (43) plant species were utilised by the four (4) sunbird species found in the study site with Corymbia torelliana and Hamelia patens having the highest number of visit. These four sunbird species observed were; Scarlet-chested sunbird, Variable sunbird, Green-headed sunbird and the Copper sunbird. Mean number of plants visited shows that Green-headed sunbird visited more plants than the other three species (28.89) which was highly significant (p=0.001). Copper sunbird spent the highest foraging time (67.71) which showed no variation with the other species (p=0.516). Females of the sunbird species visit more plants species and spent more time foraging as compared to the males although there was no variation (p= 0.984 and p= 0.906 respectively). The activities of the males (perching, hovering, probing, feeding) was higher than that of females and had a high level of significance (p=0.001). Callistemon citrinus, Corymbia torelliana, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Hamelia patens, Parkia biglobosa and Ziziphus mucronata were utilised by all the sunbird species. Scarlet-chested sunbirds spent more time probing which aids pollination of plants in the study site and hence ecologically important to the plants found in the study site.

In this research, two mathematical models are proposed for investigation of laboratory confirmed daily COVID-19 disease incidence and total active daily infectious COVID-19 cases using data obtained from Nigeria Centre for Disease Control.  Due  to the observed patterns in the raw data, Autoregressive  Integrated Moving Average(ARIMA) method  is used on the data which covered  a period of 521 days (27  February, 2020-  1st  August 2021).  While diagnostic check of ARIMA(11,1,0)  indicate Ljung-Box Q(18) statistics value of 12.544  with p-value  of 0.084,  diagnostic check of ARIMA(1, 1, 1)  indicate Ljung Box Q(18) statistics value of 22.420 with p-value of 0.130.  Furthermore, stationary R- squared values are 0.803 and 0.858 at 95% confidence bound for ARIMA (11, 1, 0) and ARIMA (1, 1, 1) respectively which are indicative of good models.  Results from ARIMA (11, 1, 0) forecast show a slightly moderate upward trend in confirmed  daily COVID-19 incidence in Nigeria and results from ARIMA(1, 1, 1) indicate significant upward trend in total active daily infectious COVID-19  cases in Nigerian population.  Therefore, the developed models can be adopted by presidential taskforce and other agencies in health sector regarding future vaccination towards prevention of the spread of COVID-19 disease in Nigeria provided that the present general prevailing conditions of disease spread remain fairly the same.