The article examines the problem of orphan works in general. Orphan works are copyrighted works whose owners are difficult or impossible to identify and/or locate after a diligent search has been conducted. The article introduces the nature of the problem and how it emerged.There are various reasons for the creation of the problem of orphan works and the authors undertake a qualitative approach to a thorough investigation that reveals that orphan works have become a significant challenge. The authors also reveal the legal and technological factors behind the creation of the problem and suggest ways to prevent its recurrence in the future. It is understood that orphan works undermine the goal of copyright law because one of the objectives of providing authors with copyright protection is that the public should, in return, be able to access the protected work and take benefit from it; however, the problem of orphan works deprives the public of a means of accessing these works.

Discrimination against female draws to a great degree upon the tradition and tribal mentality. The role given to women is to be subordinated to men and be in the service of men and the family. Boys and men are allowed to dominate women in aspects of social life. This stereotypical role assigned to women, based on traditions and tribal mentality, involves not only accepting violence to be administered against women but prescribes even violence.CEDAW’s goal is to achieve equality between men and women to eradicate violence clashes with the local stereotype. CEDAW’s tools to bring about the needed changes have been to demand state party to it to translate their textual commitment to legal codes and practices.  This paper examines the national legislation of Iraq and Kurdistan to point out the degree of subordination of local laws to CEDAWs Article 5. The findings of this paper are that Kurdistan has introduced important changes to the laws but in regard to child marriage it has not reached the international standards.

This article analyses solutions proposed to the problem of orphan works. Orphan works are copyrighted works whose owners are difficult or impossible to identify and/or locate after carrying out a diligent search. The first and foremost aim of providing a solution for the problem of orphan works is to regain the goal of copyright protection, which is to enable the public to access and benefit from protected works. This article examines various solutions that have been adopted by different countries. It also analyses solutions that are under examination for introduction into law, such as limited liability in the United States. The authors reveal that the adoption of a solution by any country requires careful study to introduce the most appropriate approach. It was also found that solving the problem of orphan works would benefit both users and copyright holders.

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