Cutaneous metastasis of bladder carcinoma is extremely rare. Iatrogenic implantations have been the main cause in the majority of cases of transitional cell carcinoma with cutaneous metastasis. Otherwise, primary cutaneous metastasis is accepted as the late manifestation of systemic spread. The present paper describes a case of relatively early and extensive skin metastasis of transitional cell carcinoma in a 78-year-old man. The patient had a histopathological diagnosis of poorly differentiated (grade III) muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma with a staging of T2NOMO 6 months prior to presenting. He presented to our outpatient clinic with a 3-month history of skin lesions as multiple, rubbery subcutaneous nodules. Radiological reinvestigation revealed no other metastatic site (including bone and lung), except for a metastatic nodule in the liver. The present paper reports an interesting and rare case of extensive skin metastasis of transitional cell carcinoma as the primary complaint.

The effects of extracorporeal shock waves (ESWT) on tendon healing were assessed by observing histological and biomechanical parameters in a rat model of injury to the tendo Achillis. The injury was created by inserting an 18-G needle through tendo Achillis in 48 adult Wistar albino rats. The animals were divided into three groups. The first group received radiation only after the operation. The second received no shock waves and the third had 500 15 KV shocks on the second post-operative day. All the rats were killed on the 21st day after surgery. Histopathological analysis showed an increase in the number of capillaries and less formation of adhesions in the study group compared with the control group (p = 0.03). A significantly greater force was required to rupture the tendon in the study group (p = 0.028). Our findings suggest a basis for clinical trials using ESWT.

Objectives: To prospectively evaluate the efficacy of single dose antibiotic prophylaxis in 12-core transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) guided prostate biopsy. Methods: A total of 400 patients who underwent prostate biopsy with TRUS guidance were included. The patients were prospectively randomized in three groups regarding antibiotic prophylaxis. The first group (139 patients) received a single gram of intramuscular ceftriaxone, while the second group (131 patients) had a 3-day course of oral ciprofloxacin. The third group (130 patients) had single oral 500 mg of ciprofloxacin. All patients had urine cultures prior to biopsy and on the second day after biopsy. Results: The study groups were compared in terms of the results of urine cultures and clinical parameters. Overall, only seven patients (1.8% of the cases) had positive urine cultures with no difference between these three groups. Additionally, no significant difference was observed regarding morbidity rates in all groups. Only eight patients (2%) developed major complications requiring hospitalization. There was no increase in the rate of infectious complications when the biopsy core numbers were increased up to 12. Conclusions: The current study suggests that a single oral dose of antimicrobial prophylaxis is reasonable in TRUS prostate biopsy even in the case of 12-core sampling.

We investigated role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis in the pathogenesis of infertility in experimental model of varicocele. The protective effect of vitamin E was also examined. Three groups of rats were constructed as the first group had sham operation, experimental varicoceles were established by partial ligation of the left renal vein in later two groups. Third group had received vitamin E. Production of ROS was determined by chemiluminescence assay (CL). The in situ end labelling technique was utilized to investigate apoptosis. Tissue vitamin E levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The differences between luminol enhanced CL levels of groups were not statistically significant. However, the difference between CL levels of lucigenin probe in left testicles of sham and varicocele groups were statistically significant ( p = 0.0007). Similarly, the results of the third group receiving vitamin E significantly differed from the varicocele group ( p = 0.0025). The difference of apoptotic index was also statistically significant between sham and varicocele groups ( p = 0.0038). Although the values of apoptotic index detected in the vitamin E group were lower compared with the varicocele group, the difference was not significant. This study proposes that ROS production and apoptosis in the testicles were induced with experimental varicocele. Vitamin E had a protective role. An increased rate of apoptosis with experimental varicocele suggests a molecular alteration, which may involve ROS overproduction as the triggering mechanism. Consequently, this study indicates an association between varicocele and infertility at molecular level through stimulation of ROS and apoptosis.

The high power diode laser provided significant improvements in International Prostate Symptom Score and the maximal flow rate with low morbidity. Thus, these results of prostate vaporization with the high power diode laser, representing what is to our knowledge the first clinical study in the literature, are encouraging.