This paper analyses the β-convergence process of West African countries with a focus on Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Togo. It has been motivated by the apparent persistence of income gap between West African countries. To achieve the objective of the study, we use both descriptive statistics and econometric approach. The study covers the time period of 27 years (1990-2017). The results show the absence of a unit steady state for the region and do not confirm neoclassical theory’s predictions. Rather, it shows the existence of club convergence in West Africa. Also, lower-income countries such as Benin and Togo have lower steady-state income compared to Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire.

Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) can have a positive effect on the development of the economic and social potential of emerging countries provided that they make efforts to attract appropriate investors. Among developing countries, we are interested to analyze FDI attractiveness in Türkiye and Morocco and proceed with a comparative analysis between these two countries.Very few empirical studies present an overview of FDI determinants and how they can influence the FDI attractiveness of Türkiye and Morocco separately. Consequently, the contribution of this paper is to compare FDI inflows in these countries and then identify the determinants that impact their FDI attractiveness. For this purpose, we used an ARDL econometric model in both countries over the period 1980 to 2020.Our results show that there is an important similarity between the impacting factors on FDI flows in the short run in both countries. Openness and inflation have positive effects in both countries, while market size has a negative impact on FDI attractiveness. Credit, however, has a positive effect only in Türkiye but no significance in Morocco. On the other hand, there is less similarity between Türkiye and Morocco in the long run, since only GDP has a significant and positive impact in both countries. Inflation has a significant and negative impact only in Morocco, and human capital is positively impactful only in Türkiye, while openness and credit have a significant and negative impact also only in Türkiye. This difference between the long-run results in both countries shows that FDI determinants play a more effective role in attracting FDI inflows in Türkiye than in Morocco, which substantiates the difference in the level of FDI inflows that each country gets.

Faizli uygulama iktisadi ve toplumsal hayatın temellerinden olan kredi alışverişi ve bankacılığın özüne ilişkin bir faktör olmayıp, aksine hem talep ve hem de arz tarafında paydaşların en iyi çıkarlarına hizmet etmemektedir. O yüzden bankacılıktan faiz nosyonunu çıkararak sektörün daha iyi bir performans göstermesini amaçlıyoruz. * Bu makale, Erol Süleyman GÜNDÜZ'ün, Prof. Dr. Kamil USLU danışmanlığında Marmara Üniversitesi Bankacılık ve Sigortacılık Enstitüsü Bankacılık Anabilim Dalı'nda tamamlamış olduğu Doktora tezinin revize edilmiş halidir.

Cannabis is a plant that is extraordinarily useful and has been used in almost every form for thousands of years by mankind. It is a small family of flowering plants, also known as the cannabis family. This family contains about 170 species grouped in about 11 genera, including Cannabis, Humulus, and Celtis. Obtaining the drug, which is a by-product of cannabis, is shown as a potential danger to societies. Despite this, it should not be ignored that hemp is gaining more importance in our global world. The economic and social benefits of cannabis, which are very important in human history, still maintain their place today. It can be said that political preferences are more prominent here. Cannabis has been freely used by a large part of the world's population since prehistoric times. There are countries that stand out in the history of hemp. These; Among the Chinese, Indians, the Native Americans are prominent. The areas where cannabis is used; It acts as a natural filter in paper production, textile industry, agriculture, energy, automotive industry, cleaning carbon dioxide in the air. In addition, hemp, which is widely used in medicine, is a strategic plant that is also used in many areas.

In recent years, oil prices have followed a calm course, with a barrel of $ 50 or less watching. This growth in the developed countries has affected the positive direction. Another important development is the significant improvement in the production techniques of "Rock Gas" (Shale Gas) in USA and rock gas production increased, thus creating a positive cost advantage in energy production. This positive development in the US economy appears to be an important influence on the increase of oil prices. According to estimates made in various countries in the world; It is like 7.299 Trillion Cubic Feet. Most of this reserve is in China. In the coming years, China energy will be able to show itself among the advantaged countries. The US invests in shale gas production technology in partnership with various countries. Turkey Shale has an important potential as a gas reservoir. Especially Southeastern Anatolia Region and Trakya region stand out. Turkey will be able to meet its energy needs and contribute to its economic and social development.