Every doctor practicing treatment in the field of medicine may be confronted with a serious question: should I save my patient's life at any cost? If a doctor resigns from emergency procedures, he/she will risk the patient's death. However, if he/ she decides to proceed regardless of a Jehovah's Witness patient's statement of will, in which he or she refuses transfusion, he/she takes a risk of illegal medical intervention. There is neither an easy answer, nor a serious solution, thus the only way is to choose the lesser of two evils. Notwithstanding legal issues, there are still ethical problems, which result in an internal dilemma for a doctor. StreszczenieKażdy lekarz może stanąć w obliczu dylematu: czy powinienem próbować ratować pacjenta za wszelką cenę? Jeśli lekarz zrezygnuje z procedur medycznych wykonywanych w stanach nagłych z uwagi na przekonania religijne pacjenta, może ryzykować jego śmiercią i tym samym naraża swoje zobowiązania etyczne. Jeżeli jednak zdecyduje się kontynuować proces leczniczy obejmujący transfuzję krwi, niezależnie od tego, czy pacjent jest świadkiem Jehowy, który odmawia transfuzji, podejmuje ryzyko nielegalnej interwencji medycznej. W tego rodzaju przypadkach nie ma ani łatwej odpowiedzi, ani prostego rozwiązania, natomiast jedynym rozwiązaniem wydaje się wybór mniejszego zła. Niezależnie od aspektów prawnych, aktualne i istotne pozostają problemy etyczne, które wywołują u lekarza wewnętrzny konflikt.
As the outcome of COVID-19 is associated with oxidative stress, it is highly probable that polymorphisms of genes related to oxidative stress were associated with susceptibility and severity of COVID-19. The aim of the study was to assess the association of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) gene polymorphisms with COVID-19 severity in previously vaccinated and unvaccinated Polish patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. A total of 92 not vaccinated and 84 vaccinated patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 were included. The WHO COVID-19 Clinical Progression Scale was used to assess COVID-19 severity. GSTs genetic polymorphisms were assessed by appropriate PCR methods. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed, including logistic regression analysis. GSTP1 Ile/Val genotype was found to be associated with a higher risk of developing a severe form of the disease in the population of vaccinated patients with COVID-19 (OR: 2.75; p = 0.0398). No significant association was observed for any of the assessed GST genotypes with COVID-19 disease severity in unvaccinated patients with COVID-19. In this group of patients, BMI > 25 and serum glucose level > 99 mg% statistically significantly increased the odds towards more severe COVID-19. Our results may contribute to further understanding of risk factors of severe COVID-19 and selecting patients in need of strategies focusing on oxidative stress.
Introduction:The patient's consent must meet certain legally prescribed requirements in order to have legal force. Namely, it has to be informed, i.e. preceded by adequate therapeutic information, and it has to be consciously given. Medical practice, however, often involves patients who, due to their condition, are in no position to give legally efficacious consent. Aim of the research: The analysis of cases in which medical proceedings were interrupted due to the impossibility of obtaining the patient's informed consent. Material and methods:The study material comprised a group of 100 patients whose medical documentation was analyzed in the light of the reason for seeking substitutive consent from the court, the time the court took to decide, or, alternatively, a different outcome in the case of the patient's death or completion of the procedure for life-saving reasons without obtaining consent. Results and conclusions: Legal provisions do not apply to situations where there is no premise that the delay caused by the consent procedure would pose a threat to the patient's life, cause serious injury or serious health impairment, but at the same time the necessity to perform a given procedure is so urgent that proceedings before a court in normal operation are not advisable. The physician is then in Antigone's situation -either of the two solutions is undesirable; hence, the doctor is forced to choose the lesser evil. The delay occasioned by waiting for the court's substitutive consent in the legally prescribed procedure may be excessive, as well as engaging the physician's legal and ethical responsibility. Hence, a legislative intervention appears necessary. StreszczenieWprowadzenie: Zgoda pacjenta, by posiadać walor prawnej doniosłości, musi spełniać wymagane prawem warunki. Zgoda powinna być poinformowana, to jest poprzedzona należytym pouczeniem terapeutycznym, a także uświadomiona. W praktyce funkcjonowania podmiotów leczniczych częste są jednak przypadki pacjentów, którzy ze względu na stan zdrowia nie mogą wyrazić zgody w sposób prawnie skuteczny. Cel pracy: Analiza przypadków, w których postępowanie medyczne zostało wstrzymane z uwagi na brak możliwości odebrania od pacjenta świadomej zgody. Materiał i metody: Zgromadzony materiał badawczy objął grupę 100 pacjentów, których dokumentację medyczną poddano analizie w zakresie przyczyny, która uzasadniała wniosek o wydanie zastępczej zgody sądu, czasu oczekiwania na wydanie przez sąd tej zgody lub zakończenia postępowania w inny sposób, w razie śmierci pacjenta lub wykonania zabiegu ze wskazań życiowych bez jej uzyskania. Wyniki i wnioski: Przepisy prawne nie odnoszą się do sytuacji, gdy nie występuje przesłanka, iż zwłoka spowodowana postępowaniem w sprawie uzyskania zgody groziłaby pacjentowi niebezpieczeństwem utraty życia, ciężkiego uszkodzenia ciała lub ciężkiego rozstroju zdrowia, ale jednocześnie konieczność wykonania danego zabiegu jest pilna na tyle, że procedowanie przed sądem w normalnym trybie nie jest wskazane. Lekarz jest wówczas w sytuacji Antygo...
When medical intervention is necessary, a physician faces a serious dilemma: can he/she perform medical intervention despite the lack of informed consent, or should he/she withdraw from such an intervention? The question is even more difficult when a patient under the influence of alcohol urgently requires a medical intervention. In such cases the possibility to gain informed consent is even more problematic, and such situations are not so rare. In such situations, a doctor must often decide whether to undertake medical interventions despite the lack of informed consent of a patient, if it is justified by patient's state of health, or to discontinue intervention, exposing him/herself to possible legal liability for such an omission. Streszczenie Jeżeli interwencja medyczna jest niezbędna, lekarz staje przed dylematem: czy przeprowadzić interwencję medyczną pomimo braku zgody, czy z uwagi na brak zgody powstrzymać się od niej. Odpowiedź na to pytanie jest jeszcze trudniejsza, gdy pilnej interwencji medycznej wymaga pacjent pod wpływem alkoholu. Uzyskanie świadomej zgody przed interwencją staje się problemem, a takie sytuacje wcale nie są rzadkie. Lekarz niejednokrotnie musi decydować w tego typu okolicznościach, czy podjąć interwencję medyczną pomimo braku świadomej zgody pacjenta, jeżeli jest to uzasadnione stanem pacjenta, czy zaniechać interwencji, narażając się na ewentualną odpowiedzialność prawną z tytułu zaniechania.
Introduction. The profession of psycho-oncologist in Poland is not sufficiently regulated by law. Current solutions in the system involve contradictory regulations on obtaining qualifications to practice, which produces in effect systemic chaos and result in limited availability of services provided to oncology patients and their families by practitioners of this demanding profession. Material and methods.A survey conducted among psycho-oncologists concerning their professional identity was used in order to examine their opinion on the current legal regulations of this profession and the possible consequences of incoherent law solutions. The study used an original anonymous questionnaire entitled Survey on selected aspects of the psycho-oncology profession in the context of its scope and method of legal regulation and the Job Satisfaction Scale questionnaire.Results. The study showed that the inconsistency in legal regulations may result in restricted access to this profession, indicated doubts concerning the legal credentials required to use the professional title of psycho-oncologist and the lack of symmetry in individual competencies of practitioners with different underlying profession.Conclusions. The research confirmed the organizational chaos which negatively affects the way psycho-oncologists practice their profession. As a consequence the legislator intervention is required in order to modify the legal regulation of this profession.
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