Thyroid surgeries are performed worldwide for various indications. In the past complications of thyroid surgeries were reported more than 24%. With an increase in accuracy in Cytological reporting, non-invasive radiological investigations to know the extent of the tumor and infiltration of malignant tumors, the complications are reduced to less than 4%. AIM: To evaluate the predictability of pre-operative investigations in preventing the post-operative complications of thyroid surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A prospective study conducted on 86 patients by investigating before thyroid surgeries with FNAC, ultrasonography, CT scan, X-ray Neck lateral view, MRI, 2D ECHO of Cardia, isotope scanning, video laryngoscopy and thyroid function tests. Demographic characteristics of the patients and indications for thyroid surgeries were used to predict the postoperative complications. Post-operative investigations included serum calcium levels, Thyroid function tests and serum Electrolyte levels to diagnose the complications. RESULTS: sensitivity of FNAC was 93.33%, ultra sound Neck was 92.83%, serum calcium was 89.16%, in thyroid function tests it was 77.66%. With X-Ray Neck the specificity was 57.66%, CT scan was 44.50%, MRI was 15%, and isotope study was 30.6%, Doppler study was 33.83% and 2DEcho was 27.83%. Pre-operative assessment was Airway obstruction 3.48%, hematoma formation 4.65%, RLN palsy 3.48%, Hypocalcaemia 33.72%, wound infection 4.65% were the complications encountered. CONCLUSIONS: Thorough investigations prior to surgery of thyroid, proper selection of the surgical procedure, tumor location knowledge, understanding the pathophysiology of the thyroid disease and type of anesthesia gives confidence to the surgeon and avoids complications. The methods applied in the present study had a definitive role in preventing hypocalcaemia with an incidence of 33.72% and RLN palsy 3.48%. These were added upon by the experience of the operating surgeon.

Though Tuberculosis is one of the most common causes of ill health and death worldwide, people with diabetes have 2 -3 times higher risk of tuberculosis when compared with people without diabetes. Though tuberculosis can affect any part of the body, oral and oropharyngeal tuberculosis is rare, but reported. And it's association with diabetes mellitus because of the decreased host mechanism, is still rare, but reported. A 50-year-old female diabetic who was on insulin therapy came to OPD of MGM hospital, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal with complaints of severe pain in throat for the last 6 months. On examination, right tonsil was enlarged with granular surface. Left tonsil and rest of the oropharynx were normal. Examination of chest was normal and there was no evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis. Punch biopsy revealed tuberculosis of tonsil. Isolated cases of primary tuberculosis of tonsil without evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis are rare. Presence of diabetes mellitus makes patients 2 -3 times more vulnerable for tubercular infection.

Post-operative restlessness is observed commonly among children following Ear Nose Throat surgeries. This post anesthetic problem is also termed as Emergence Agitation (EA) which interferes with patient's recovery, presenting a challenging task to the anesthetist in terms of assessment and convincing the parents. Many factors play a role singly or in combination in producing EA. EA consist of restlessness, excessive crying and spells of breath holding, head banging and incoherent speech. In this prospective clinical study the incidence of post-operative recovery restlessness EA in children aged between 3 to 12 years, enumeration of the causes, and prediction of EA in Indian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 246 Children undergoing elective surgeries of Ear Nose and throat are selected and their demographic data, socioeconomic back ground and emotional attachment with parents were elicited. Parents of the children were interviewed prior to surgery using a questionnaire enquiring of their children's personality, and emotional attachment and meekness. Their preoperative clinical data are documented. Their post-operative general condition, behavior, time taken for awakening, period of total recovery and treatment factors are recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: The incidence of EA was found in 23.6% of the children. EA lasted between 21 minutes to 52 minutes with a mean period of 28.4±9.5 minutes. 67% of the children required medication with sedatives, analgesics and anti-emetics. Post-operative stay in the Surgical ICU ranged between Hrs. 3.12±0.36mts to Hrs. 8.39±2.10mts in the children showing restlessness, compared to those not showing agitation. CONCLUSIONS: The factors associated with EA were, age, emotional attachment, meekness, adaptability, previous surgery, analgesics, sedatives, dose of pentothal sodium for induction, time taken for awakening and duration of surgery. Shorter was the time of awakening, longer the period of recovery restlessness noticed in the present study.