As society ages, the maintenance and improvement of the quality of life in elderly people have become essential. The effective intake and bioavailability rate of calcium help prevention of osteoporosis and fracture by fall. The additive assorted feed (HMD) was designed using calcium citrate and calcium phosphate (3.0% calcium concentration) to improve calcium intake in elderly. However, such a high concentration of calcium can lead to adverse effects. This study aimed to elucidate the appropriate calcium concentration for developing an additive formula diet (AFD), by evaluating the improvement in bone structure of ageing rats previously fed with a low nutrient diet. Twenty rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups (n=5). Three groups were fed a lowmineral diet (LMD) for 189 days. At 190 days, these rats were fed either LMD, normal mineral diet (NMD), or AFD for an additional 84 days. The 4th group was fed with NMD for 273 days. The femur of rats was removed at 273 days and the effect of supplements was investigated by changes in the BMD, BMC, and trabecular structure measurements using micro-computer tomography and polarization microscopy. No significant differences were detected with respect to BMD and BMC in LMD+AFD and NMD+NMD. The LMD+AFD group showed significantly better structural values with respect to Tb.N, Tb.sp, and Tb.spac than the LMD+NMD group. The LMD+AFD group showed significantly denser trabecular observations than the LMD+NMD group. This correlated with trabecular separation (Tb.sp) and spacing (Tb.spac), which denote the distance between individual trabecular structures. Supplementation with AFD showed efficient bone formation and inhibited further bone loss as bone density, bone mineral density, and bone structure improved to levels close to that of healthy bones. In this study, a 1.0% concentration of calcium improved the bone structure safely.

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In this study, to observe the influence of Additive Formula Diet (AFD) ingestion in ovariectomized rats (OVX), OVX were fed a normal mineral diet (NMD) or AFD, and structures of the outer and inner regions of the cross-section of the central region of the femoral diaphysis and changes in crystalline bone quality were investigated by polarized light microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. For experimental animals, 8 rats ovariectomized at 20 weeks old were used. OVX were divided into 2 groups: NMD-fed ONMD group and AFD-fed OAFD group, and the femur was excised 24 weeks after intervention. On polarized light microscopy, the external basic lamella was thicker in the OAFD than ONMD group, showing higher-order colors. On Raman spectroscopy, the degree of calcification and crystallinity in the inner region tended to slightly higher in the OAFD than ONMD group, although crystallinity tended to slightly lower. Ingestion of AFD may have improved bone metabolism throughout the body, and improvement of the femoral mineral levels and collagen cross linkages may have more markedly improved bone quality compared with that by NMD ingestion, suggesting its usefulness for treatment of osteoporosis, bone healing after tooth extraction, and early bone formation after implant placement.

Osteoporosis is a major problem in the elderly population worldwide. Low calcium intake and vitamin D blood level are risk factors for osteoporosis, and improving their intake is effective in patients with micronutrients deficiency. However, the effect of these interventions is ambiguous. Additive formula diet (AFD) contains fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), isoflavone (ISO) and 1.0% citric acid Ca as a supplement for patients with osteoporosis. We aimed to investigate the effect of AFD on bone structure of the femur in ovariectomized rats. Sixteen 20-week old ovariectomized rats were randomly distributed into 2 groups; one group was fed normal diet (N, n = 8) and the second group was fed AFD (A, n = 8). Both groups were fed for 24 weeks, and body weight was measured at 8 and 24 weeks. After measuring the weight at 24 weeks, rats were euthanized using carbon dioxide. Lateral femur bone was extracted, and bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured via micro computed tomography. Non-decalcified ground sections of the femur were examined via polarized-light microscopy. At 24 weeks, BMD and BMC were significantly higher for the A group than in the N group. The A group showed significantly better structural values with respect to Tb.Th, Tb.N, Tb.sp, Tb.spac and SMI than the N group. The A group showed significantly denser trabecular observations than the N group. Examination of the non-decalcified ground section from the A group showed strong polarized light properties of orange compared with sections from the N group. AFD may improve bone turnover in osteoporosis with the expectant decrease in the incidence of falls and bone fractures, which may enhance the quality of life of the elderly.

This study focused on the post-implantation formation of new bone in the peri-implant region of synthetic bone mineral (SBM)-coated implants in rat femur models and aimed to elucidate the effects of SBM surface treatment on early bone formation and bone tissue quality. Twenty-four 8-week-old Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: two-week implantation with blasting-treated implant (6 rats; control group) or SBM-treated implant (6 rats; experimental group); and four-week implantation with blasting-treated implant (6 rats; control group) or SBM-treated implant (6 rats; experimental group). After implantation, the following data were collected and compared: pull-out strength, bone mineral density (BMD), BMD color images, and histological characteristics. Comparisons of the two-and four-week data indicated that the pull-out strengths and BMD of the SBM group were significantly higher than those of the control group. BMD color imaging and histological observations indicated that, in comparison with the control group, the new bone formed in the peri-implant region of the SBM group had greater width and higher BMD. Our results will aid the development of implant surface treatments that facilitate early bone formation. Further, the investigated SBM could be applied as a bone prosthetic filling material in regions with bone defects.