More than 170 million individuals have been influenced by arsenic (As) because of the ingestion of As-polluted groundwater. The presence of As in water bodies, particularly groundwater, has been found to become a widespread issue in the past few decades. Because arsenic causes extreme wellbeing impacts, even at a low concentration in drinking water, the innovations of As removal from contaminated water are of significant importance. Traditional strategies, for example, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, and electro-dialysis are generally utilized for the remediation of As-polluted water; however, the high cost and/or sludge production restricts their application in less-developed areas. The utilization of adsorbents acquired from natural materials has been explored as an alternative for the costly techniques for As removal. This paper aims to review the past and current developments in using naturals adsorbents or modified natural materials for arsenic removal and show the different parameters, which may influence the As removal effectiveness of the natural adsorbent, such as contact time, adsorbent dosage, flow rate, pH, reusability, temperature, and influence of others ions.

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Arsenic pollution of groundwater is a severe problem, particularly for rural residents. This study utilised a simple hydrothermal surface modification technique using iron (Fe-kapok) to create a natural sorbent for As(V) removal from groundwater using a column fixed bed methodology. Specific surface area (BET) isotherms nitrogen adsorption/desorption test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging, energydispersive X-ray (EDS) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to evaluate the properties of the natural adsorbent. Fe-specific kapok's surface area BET (3.272 m 2 /g) and pore volume (0.032 cm3/g) were greater than those of raw kapok (0.976 m 2 /g; 0.021 cm 3 /g), indicating the presence of more As(V) adsorption sites. Even with competing ions such as sulfate, the groundwater chemical parameters did not significantly affect the As(V) adsorption efficiency of the natural sorbents. As(V) adsorption performance decreased as the flow rate and initial concentration of As(V) increased. However, an increase in sorbent dosage results in a rise in As(V) removal efficiency. The adsorption reaction was endothermic, and neutral pH was ideal for As(V) elimination. According to Thomas's model, the adsorption capacity was 6.63 mg/g at 25 o C, which was better than Bohart and Adams' prediction of the adsorption curve. After eight adsorption cycles, the regeneration and reusability of the new sorbents were still excellent.