The purpose of this study was to determine the in vitro load transmission characteristics of the canine stifle joint, paying particular attention to the positioning effect of the meniscus in the coronal plane. The intact joint was first loaded, and then tested under two different loading conditions after a complete medial meniscectomy. The first set of test conditions attempted to simulate those used by previous investigators, by ignoring the spacer effect of the meniscus and not repositioning the joint after its removal. The second set of tests was carried out after the joint was repositioned in the coronal plane to allow initial contact to occur in both tibiofemoral compartments. It is presumed that this occurs subsequent to a meniscectomy in vivo, following the application of any weight-bearing load. As with previous investigators, it was found that after meniscectomy the joints produced slightly larger displacements and lower stiffnesses than when intact (no significant differences from intact). However, repositioning the meniscectomized joint produced markedly smaller displacements (35-49%, p less than 0.01) and greater stiffnesses (47-123%, p less than 0.05) over the range of forces analyzed, compared with the intact joint. The ratio of dissipated to input energy was 42% for the intact joint, and rose following meniscectomy to 54% (p less than 0.05) with repositioning and 55% (p less than 0.05) without repositioning. Measured contact area decreased by 17% (p less than 0.05) following meniscectomy alone, and by 12% (p less than 0.05) following meniscectomy with repositioning. Since repositioning of the joint subsequent to meniscectomy (accounting for the loss of the meniscal spacer) resulted in an increase in structural stiffness, it was concluded that the medial meniscus decreases the structural stiffness of the intact stifle joint. In addition, the meniscus has a role in elastic energy storage and increasing contact area. This study is intended to serve as a baseline comparison for future in vivo studies on meniscectomy, meniscal repair, and meniscal replacement, in addition to more fully elucidating the mechanism of load transmission. A model is presented to explain both the decrease in stiffness after meniscectomy without repositioning and the increase in stiffness after meniscectomy with repositioning, employing linear springs of unequal length and different stiffnesses. After removal of the softer meniscal element and allowing joint approximation to occur, loading of the stiffer articular element results in an initially stiffer preparation.

Background: The kidneys are a pair of bean - shaped organ located in the back of the abdomen between the 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebrae. Each kidney is about 4 or 5 inches long - about the size of a fist. The objective of this study was to study the major anatomical variations of kidney and urinary tract.Methods: The study was conducted during routine dissections of 32 cadavers over a period of 5 years. All specimens included in the study was adult cadavers of which 20 were males and 12 were females.Results: Out of 32 cadavers, 1 cadaver showed bilateral and 2 showed unilateral (2 L) lobulated kidney, 2 cadavers showed unilateral (1 L,1 R) and 1 showed bilateral accessory renal artery. 2 cadavers showed unilateral (1 L,1 R) incomplete double ureter.Conclusions: 12.5% of the cadavers showed anatomical variations in kidney and 6.25% showed bifid ureter. The knowledge of anatomical variations of kidney and ureter is of great importance for surgical, radiological and academic perspective. Hence, the early detection may be helpful in better management and increased survival rates.

Introduction Cervical spinal stenosis is a common disease that results in considerable morbidity and disability. To avoid long-term disability caused by irreversible spinal cord damage, quick diagnosis and treatment are required. To our knowledge, until recently, there has been no report or study evaluating the cervical canal stenosis and associated facet joint arthrosis as the major cause of neck pain, so the current study used computed tomography (CT) scans to determine the prevalence of cervical canal stenosis and facet joint osteoarthrosis in patients who presented with neck pain, including its relationship with age, sex, and cervical spinal levels (C3-C7). Methods The current clinical descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy and Radiodiagnosis at Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad, for a period of 24 months among newly diagnosed outpatient department (OPD) cases of neck pain (18 years or older) with suspected cervical canal stenosis and facet joint arthrosis. Clinical history, patient-specific clinical examination, and relevant information were obtained in a structured data collection schedule through interviews during OPD hours. All of the participants underwent a CT scan of the cervical region. The independent factors (age, gender, height, and weight) were used in a multiple linear regression analysis of neck pain grading, Torg ratio (TR), and right and left facet joint degeneration, which were expressed as R-squared (R 2 ) and adjusted R-squared (aR 2 ). Statistical tests were executed at a 5% level of significance; an association was considered significant if the p-value was <0.05. Results A total of 83 subjects were enrolled in this study with equal representation from both sexes, i.e., males (49.4%) and females (50.6%). The transverse vertebral canal (T-VC) diameter was narrowest at the level of C3 (25.00 ± 1.13) and gradually increased at the level of C6 (25.18 ± 1.14) in this study. The mean TR of cervical vertebrae C3-C4 dropped gradually from C3 (0.78 ± 0.05) to C7 (0.76 ± 0.05) in this study. Severe left and right facet joint degeneration were observed in 13.3% and 10.5% of study subjects, respectively. In almost every subject, neck pain was a neurological symptom, so multiple linear regression analysis of neck pain grading was carried out with the independent variables (age, gender, height, and weight) and it was found to be not significant (R 2 = 0.0617, aR 2 = 0.0136, p = 0.2842). Conclusion The articulations of the posterior arch of the vertebrae are known as facet joints. They are a vital component of the vertebral column's structural stability. The superior and inner articular facets of the vertebrae are joined by these joints, which are encased in a fibrous capsule.

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Introduction: Cervical spinal stenosis is a frequent condition that causes a lot of pain and disability. To avoid long-term disability as a result of irreversible spinal cord injury, quick diagnosis and treatment are required. Cervical vertebrae have smaller bodies than other vertebrae, and their purpose is to support the head, protect the spinal cord, and permit head movement. Material and Methods: A case control study has been undertaken at a tertiary care setting of Uttar Pradesh for a period of 1 year from June 2020 to May 2021. Patients with either cervical spine stenosis or facet joint arthrosis or both aged between 20 to 80 years of either gender who attended Out-patient departments of the hospitals were involved. Results: A sum of 83 individuals were made part of the Case group and 50 patients were included as the Controls. Around 50% of the case population were females (n=42) and 56% of the controls were males (n=28). The Mean±SD Torg ratio of C3 cervical vertebra among the case group was 0.78±0.05, where as it was 0.84±0.06 in the control group. Mean±SD Torg ratio of C4 cervical vertebra among the case group was 0.76±0.05, whereas it was 0.83±0.08 in the control group.