Gastric cancer (GC) still one of the most prevalent malignancies across the globe. So far, the majority of research studies have not come up with a proper diagnostic and therapeutic approach which may be due to lack of external validation. Attempts have been undertaken but due to methodological shortcomings and insufficient reporting, the breach between biomarker discovery and its clinical use not been explored. So, there should be an improved systematized tunnel of diagnostic marker approach focusing on correct methodology, quality of support, and emphasis on external validation which could have an impact on better clinical diagnosis and prognostication. This review aimed at the early diagnosis of GC through biomarkers and their potential applications in cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Moreover, this review highlights the genetic, epigenetic modifications, signaling pathways, and NGS advancement that could identify the novel therapeutic targets as well as noninvasive biomarkers for therapeutic response.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed primary liver cancer and is also a major cause of cancer-related mortality across the world [1]. Additionally, it is one of the cancers which is admittedly refractory to chemotherapy [2] to radiotherapy and to combination treatment [3]. The aetiology of HCC is diverse including viral factors like infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection (HBV and HCV); non-viral factors like alcohol consumption, obesity and other metabolic syndrome; aflatoxin exposure; hereditary factor, and genetic predisposition like mutations in important signalling pathway genes [1,4]. Hepatocarcinogenesis is a multistep process, progressing from a normal hepatocyte to transformed phenotype as a result of the accumulation of aberrant genetic and epigenetic modifications and activation of various signalling pathways [5]. Two major signalling pathways found to be deregulated in HCC are Wnt and Hedgehog (Hh) pathways [6]. These two pathways play key roles in embryogenesis, morphogenesis, tissue patterning, angiogenesis, stem cell maintenance, tumorigenesis, and drug