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Our study aims to refine and extend the understanding of the nexus between different pollutants such as carbon dioxide (CO2), PM 2.5, and methane (CH4) emissions, income inequality, and living adequacy thresholds. The study also elucidates the living adequacy threshold variable to determine whether people have an adequate standard of living. Thus, the analysis of both income inequality ratios and living adequacy thresholds provides a more accurate picture of the living and social conditions of the population in a country. In addition, this study considers education levels, perceived corruption, and selected industrial output measures. The fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) methodology provides various configurations for 2018. Our findings suggest that the levels of CO2 emissions are not influenced by income inequality and living adequacy thresholds in middle to upper-income countries. However, PM2.5 and CH4 emissions are impacted by high-income inequality and low living adequacy thresholds in low to middle-income countries. JEL classification codes: D63, D31, I32, N30, Q53

The purpose of this paper is to examine the dynamic relationship among the size, growth, and profitability of listed companies. The study sample comprised listed companies in the ASEAN-4 countries-Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand-over the period 1972-2014. The K-medoids algorithm was employed in a cluster analysis, and the generalized method of moments (GMM) was applied to examine the dynamic relationship. The empirical results reveal that smaller companies tend to have higher growth than larger companies. Moreover, the results indicate that persistence of growth and persistence of profitability do not exist. There is also evidence that profitability affects companies' growth, but companies' growth does not affect profitability.