Ultrasound (US) and ozone processing allow achieving food technological aims such as the improvement of food safety and preservation. The combination of these technologies has been reported to be beneficial in inactivating microorganisms from fruits and vegetables. However, treatment conditions and mechanisms of action of these technologies can affect vegetables or fruits structure as well as their phytochemical components. This study therefore, aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial capacity of ultrasound and ozone alone or combined on artificially inoculated cabbage with E. coli and Salmonella. The impact of these decontamination processes on cabbage intercellular structure, pH, total phenol, total flavonoid and antioxidant activities were also determined. Results showed that the combination treatment significantly inactivated populations of artificially inoculated E. coli and Salmonella compared to individual processing. The inactivation effectiveness was greatly enhanced with increased ozone concentration (1.5 mg/L) and processing time, with no detectable bacteria in the washing water after only 8 min of treatment. Furthermore, ultrasound treatment alone for 8 min led to improved cabbage content of phenol, flavonoid and antioxidant activity without affecting its intercellular structure. However, the combination treatment exerted a slight decrease of these components though not statistically significant compared to untreated samples. A significant decrease was observed with the longest exposure time (20 min). We conclude that ultrasound individual treatment or its combination with ozone can be used as sanitizer to not only reduce microorganisms from fresh cabbage but also maintain its appearance quality and improve its bioactive properties and antioxidant activity. Practical applications This study was conducted to evaluate the inactivation effectiveness of ultrasound and ozone on inoculated cabbage leaves. To make an effective disinfection on the leaves, US and ozone have been combined, which resulted in a reduction of treatment time and maintenance of the bioactive compounds, the antioxidant activity and How to cite this article: Traore MB, Sun A, Gan Z, et al. Assessing the impact of the combined application of ultrasound and ozone on microbial quality and bioactive compounds with antioxidant attributes of cabbage (Brassica

The high frequency and incidence of foodborne outbreaks related to fresh vegetables consumption is a major public health concern and an economic burden worldwide. This study evaluated the effect of individual and combined application of ultrasound (40 kHz, 100 W) and ozone on the inactivation of foodborne Escherichia coli and Salmonella, as well as their impact on cabbage color and vitamin C content. Plate count, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and flow cytometry (FCM) following single or double staining with carboxyfluorescein diacetate and (or) propidium iodide were used to determine bacterial inactivation parameters, such as cell culturability, membrane integrity, intracellular enzyme activity, and injured and dead cells. The results of FCM and SEM showed that ultrasound treatment affected bacteria mainly by acting on the cell membrane and inactivating intracellular esterase, which resulted in bacterial death. Furthermore, when combined with ozone at 1.5 mg/L, the maximum reduction of bacterial populations was observed at 8 min with no damage on the surface of treated leaves. Therefore, fresh products sanitization using a combination of ultrasound and ozone has the potential to be an alternative for maintaining the color and vitamin C content of green cabbage.

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The aim of this paper is to develop a foreign direct investment inflows(FDI) and evaluate its relationship between trade openness and economic growth for Mali by using Autoregressive distributed Lag approach (ARDL) models over the period of 1980 to2016.The first results indicate that the uni-directional causality relationships between FDI, economic growth and trade. Furthermore, the empirical results show FDI inflows affects economic growth positively in the short and the long run while trade openness positively affects economic growth in the short run and negatively in the long run. While previous literature review focuses on attract foreign direct investment, this paper evaluates the impact of FDI and trade openness on the economic growth. This result shows the evidence of uni-directional causality between FDI and trade on economic growth offer new insights into Mali's openness policy for enhancing growth of FDI inflows and trade.the results pointed out that there are no evidence of causal relationships among FDI to domestic investment in Mali. We can conclude that capital investment promotes export, FDI and economic growth in the short run, and is the main driver of economic growth in Mali.

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