Background: One of the most common medical problems, women face today, is a lump in the breast. These lumps may range from simple inflammatory to malignant. In case of carcinoma, early and accurate diagnosis can save the patient from metastases thus reducing mortality and morbidity. The aim of the present study is to see the spectrum of lesion in breast lump specimens in Ibn e Sina Hospital, Multan Medical and Dental College, Multan over a period of ten years.Methods: This retrospective study was carried out in the Department of Pathology, Multan Medical and Dental College Multan, Pakistan. Data were gathered from the archives of Pathology laboratory, comprising of years 2007 t0 2017, after approval from Institutional Ethical Review Committee. All the patients presented with complaint of any kind of swelling of breast were included in this study. All the demographic and clinical details of the patients were collected on proforma. Fine needle aspiration technique was used to take sample from the suspected lesional area. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data.Results: A total of 2039 patients were presented with complaint of lump/swelling in their breast unilaterally or bilaterally. There were 628 (30.8%) benign lesions, 872 (42.8) malignant lesions, 229 cases with atypical cells. Mastitis/inflammatory lesions were seen in 167 (8.2%) cases and tuberculous granulomas were observed in 83 (4.07%) cases. Twenty cases were of miscellaneous types including lipoma, phylloda, simple cysts etc.Conclusions: Findings of present study show that majority of breast lumps were malignant, benign, inflammatory and tuberculous respectively.

Introduction: Frequent contribution of blood can cause iron exhaustion in blood donors along with the problems related to it. Curtailing the proportion of iron reduction among blood donors is a crucial plan for boosting donor’s well-being. Aim & objectives: The aim of this analysis is to determine iron stocks by measuring serum ferritin in pre-donation male blood donors along with their relation with the hemoglobin concentration and frequency of blood donations. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Place and duration: Pathology (immunohematology) department and blood bank of University of Child Health Sciences, The Children Hospital Lahore from Aug 2021 to July 2022 Material and Methods: A total of 350 serum samples were processed to determine hemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations. The study involved was performed on healthy blood donors. The method used was chemiluminescence for the simultaneous measurement of serum ferritin. Results: An aggregate of 350 serums were collected from the contributors in blood bank. Among them, 154 were the first-time donor and 196 were the frequent donors; the serum ferritin was markedly reduced in constant contributors. The mean value 105ng/mL was found in infrequent donors and 79.35ng/mL was found in frequent donors. There was no notable variance in hemoglobin of newbie and regular blood givers. However, a momentous variation in the pervasiveness of iron depletion between first‑time and regular donors is found. Conclusion: Blood donation has a noteworthy impact on iron stores and is one of the most important factors for iron shortage in contributors, specifically in those who donate blood again and again. Serum ferritin measurement ought to be incorporated in the blood donor preference especially in the evaluation of consistent blood givers to assure enough iron pools in the donor community in order to sustain a pertinent potential donor.

Objectives: The purpose of this scrutiny was to note the part played by folic acid and vitamin B 12 inadequacies resulting in macrocytic anemia in pediatric community visiting our institute. Study Design: Retrospective cross sectional study Place and duration: Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, The Children Hospital, University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore from Jan 2021 to Dec 2021. Methodology: Medical data of 294 children demonstrating features of megaloblastic anemia were scrutinized. Records related to complete blood count (CBC) specially hemoglobin level, MCV, MCH, MCHC, peripheral blood findings, serum folic acid and vitamin B 12 amounts were noted from registers along with the other relevant medical presenting, past and family socioeconomic history. Results: Out of total 294 cases with CBC and peripheral blood findings of macrocytic anemia, 160 were males and 134 found to be females. Mean age was 57 months (4.75 years). Vitamin B12 insufficiency alone was noted in 162 (55.1%) cases, folic acid alone appeared to be deficient in only 8 cases where as combined paucity of both was noticed in 30 cases. Conclusion: Vitamin B12 deficiency found to be the predominant cause of macrocytic anemia in children referred to our institution with 65.3 % of total case population. Considering its significance in the regulation of nervous system, awareness programs with proper guidance are essential to deal this manageable issue. Key words: Megaloblastic anemia, macrocytosis, cobalamin, Vitamin B 12 deficiency, Folic acid deficiency, Anemia, Lahore Pakistan

Introduction: Skin ailments share a major disease burden worldwide (1, 2).They are considerably frequent in underdeveloped nations and encompass simple ailments like inflammation and pimples to certain grave diseases like skin melanomas (3). However, the type and prevalence of skin disorders differ from area to area on account of dissimilar habitat (4, 5). Skin disorders influence human lives in various ways and many a times the dermal epidermal conditions point some internal ongoing serious disease (6). A vast majority of skin diseases are treated on the basis of clinical diagnosis without confirmation through biopsy. Microscopic examination is mandatory for verification and precise diagnosis and to direct the clinician to opt suitable treatment (7). Considering their importance, the research work being done on the prevalence of specific disorders in particular regions in our country appears deficient especially considering the clinicopathological consonance. The current research was outlined to acumen the skin diseases related burden in our institute. Aim & Objective: The aim of this research is to evaluate the histopathological diversity of skin diseases and their prevalence in Multan region along with the clinic-pathological consonance. Study Design: Retrospective cross sectional study Place and Duration: Histopathology and dermatology departments of Bakhtawar Amin Medical & Dental College and Trust Hospital Multan, from January 2020 to December 2022. Material and Methods: Histopathological reports of all skin biopsies were sorted. The required data like age, gender, clinical presentation, site of the lesion, dermatologist’s findings, and their clinical provisional impression with differential diagnoses were documented along with the histopathological microscopic opinion. The particulars were gathered from clinical files, histopathological demand forms and documented reports. Results: A sum of 510 skin biopsies was received in histopathology section. Out of these, 280 (54.9%) were females and remaining 230 (45.1%) were males. The mean age was 34.70 years (ranging from 2 to 84 years). Most of them were between ages 16-30 years. Majority of the lesions were benign non cancerous and related to skin appendages. Epidermal inclusion cyst appeared to be the most prevalent. Out of 510 biopsies, 68 (13.3%) turned out to be malignant neoplasms. Conclusion: A vast majority of skin diseases are treated only on the basis of clinical diagnosis. The present study revealed that the histopathological opinion was consistent with the clinical judgment in 63 % of the cases, unveiling the significance of histopathological examination that is must for saving time and expenses of the patients. It also helps in reduction of the morbidity related to various skin disorders Keywords: Histopathology, dermatology, skin disorders, skin cancers, epidermal inclusion cyst

Background: Meningiomas are the second most common primary tumors of the central nervous system. These tumors have an inherited tendency to progress and recur. These tumors are more common in females. The aim of this study was to observe the epidemiological, clinical and histopathological features of meningiomas in a tertiary care hospital.Methods: This observational study was conducted at the Pathology Department of the Postgraduate Medical Institute (PGMI) Lahore, Pakistan, from January 2013 to December 2013. The cases were collected from the Pathology Laboratory of the Lahore General Hospital, Lahore. This study was conducted on 50 cases of histologically diagnosed meningiomas. The sample size was calculated using 15% expected prevalence of meningiomas at 95% confidence interval and 10% level of precision. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 17.Results: There were 22 (44%) male and 28 (56%) female patients in this study. The mean age of patients was 47.28±14.71 years with the median age 47 years. The minimum and maximum ages were 18 and 75 years and age range was 57 years. Out of 50 cases, fourty two cases were diagnosed as benign meningiomas (WHO Grade-I). Six cases were of atypical meningiomas (WHO grade II). Two cases were diagnosed as anaplastic meningiomas (WHO grade III).Conclusions: It can be concluded from the findings of present study that meningiomas are more common in females than males with grade I meningiomas outnumber the grade II and grade III meningiomas.