Aim: To evaluate the protective potential of calcium sucrose phosphate and novamin containing toothpaste on enamel surface. Settings and Design: In vitro-study. Materials and Methods: This study consisted of 30 samples embedded in orthodontic resin with either buccal or lingual surface exposed. The samples were assigned to either calcium sucrose phosphate containing paste; novamine toothpaste; or control group. The groups were then subjected to cycling in a demineralizing solution and a remineralizing solution. Groups II and III received prior application of calcium sucrose phosphate paste and novamine toothpaste respectively followed by cycling in a demineralizing solution and a remineralizing solution. Following 14 days of cycling, the samples were sectioned and examined using confocal microscopy. The depths of lesions were evaluated. Statistical Analysis: Image Proplus software was used to analyze the images. The values were statistically evaluated using one – way ANOVA and Scheffe's Test. Results and Conclusion: Within the limitations of study it was concluded that enamel surfaces treated with calcium sucrose phosphate paste exhibited the least lesion depths followed by enamel surfaces treated with the novamin tooth paste and control group respectively.

Over the past few decades, endodontic treatment modalities have shown tremendous advancements due to introduction of several new techniques and instruments. Understanding the fundamentals of file designs, along with the ease of operating them and combining them with pre-clinical trials, aids in choosing the ideal rotary Nickel Titanium file. Better apical cleaning, the essence of successful therapy, is now possible with the latest generation of rotary nickel-titanium instruments. In contrast to stainless steel files Nickel Titanium instruments have sufficient cleaning ability and can preserve the root canal anatomy. Thus appropriate handling of engine driven Nickel Titanium systems in combination with sufficient irrigation facilitates endodontic treatment.

Background: Exact diagnosis, efficient cleaning, shaping as well as disinfection of the root canals lead to successful root canal treatment. The present study compared three different irrigating systems in root canal treatment. Methodology: Sixty recently extracted permanent mandibular molars were classified into four groups: Group I, II, III, and IV with 15 teeth each. Group I comprised Endo-Irrigator Plus system. Group II comprised EndoActivator, Group III utilized passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and Group IV was control, in which no activation of the irrigant was done. Stereomicroscope (X20) magnification was used for checking isthmus cleanliness. The scoring criteria were divided into score 1–5 depending on the amount of debris in root canal walls. Results: The mean ± standard deviation debris removal score in Group I was 2.6 ± 0.80, in Group II was 3.8 ± 0.72, in Group III was 3.9 ± 1.06, and in Group IV was 4.2 ± 0.82. The difference was significant ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: Authors found that Endo-Irrigator Plus exhibited better cleaning efficacy followed by EndoActivator and PUI.

Considering high fuel prices, limited petroleum reserves and expanding market of two wheelers in India, an experiment was performed to investigate fuel consumption of a two wheeler running on hydrogen-gasoline blended fuel. A 2002 model two stroke, single cylinder SI engine Bajaj scooter was used for the research experiment. A little modification was done to the vehicle as per requirements and a hydrogen generation kit was installed to supply hydrogen on-board. Another unmodified vehicle of same model and manufacturing year was used for comparison. At about constant speed of 1500 rpm, fuel consumption of the vehicle was recorded. The test results showed that the modified engine with hydrogen- gasoline blend as a fuel consumed 60% less gasoline as compared to a similar vehicle in which same quantity of fuel was supplied.