Introduction The aging of society leads to an increase in the occurrence of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). BCC includes both superficial and nodular lesions with a good prognosis as well as foci that are difficult to treat and require a multidisciplinary approach. There are two basic methods of treating BCC, surgery to remove the tumor and cryosurgery. The paper presents a case of an 82-year-old female patient suffering from BCC in a non-advanced stage of the disease with the presentation of subsequent stages of treatment.Aim of the studyAn attempt was made to confront an alternative method of BCC treatment by cryosurgery with the first-choice procedure - surgical excision of the tumor with a margin of healthy tissues.Description of the caseAn individual clinical case study including the patient's medical records.ConclusionsThe work emphasizes the importance of comprehensive care for a patient diagnosed with BCC.Individualization of the diagnostic and therapeutic process is the basis for dealing with the elderly patient.
Antiphospholipid syndrome is an autoimmune disease with a wide spectrum of manifestations from different organs, therefore it is challenging to diagnose. The disease presents antiphospholipid antibodies such as anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL), lupus anticoagulant (LA) and antiβ2-glycoprotein 1 antibodies (β2GPI). The most common symptoms include thrombosis in veins and arteries and obstretical complications such as early miscarriage, intrauterine fetal death, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), placental insufficiency, premature labor and eclampsia. To diagnose a patient with APS certain criteria have been chosen, where at least one clinical and one laboratory criterion must be present. In many cases it takes a lot of time before a proper diagnosis has been made, when a female patient presents obstretical complications. Adequate pharmacological treatment increases the odds of live birth rate from 20-30% to 70-80%. Scientific research shows correlation between antiphospholipid syndrome, infertility and premature ovarian insufficiency. Treatment mostly consists of heparin and low-dose aspirin, in certain cases hydrochloroquine is prescribed. Aside from pharamcological therapy, it is very important to minimize the effects of modifiable risk factors. The following article focuses on complications, diagnosing and therapy in pregnant women suffering from Antiphospholipid syndrome. All sources can be found in Pubmed’s website database.
PCOS is a common endocrine disorder affecting up to 6-10% of women in reproductive age. Patients suffer from many manifestations of this disease including symptoms of hyperandrogenism (hirsutism, acne, androgenetic alopecia), ovulation disorders, infertility, overweight and obesity, glucose-insulin homeostasis disorders (insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes). Many studies emphasize the relationship between the presence of PCOS in patients and the appearance of depression. The median incidence of depression in women with this syndrome was 36.6%, while in the group of women without PCOS it was 14.2%. The exact mechanism of this relationship is still unknown, but many factors may play an important role in it, e.g. increased BMI, infertility, high cortisol levels, body image, vitamin D deficiency or elevated inflammation markers.
Introduction and purpose: Erythema nodosum is a most frequent form of panniculitis and it appears as erythematous, painful rounded, nodules typically localized on the pretibial area. The purpose of our review is to present diseases that can be underlying causes of erythema nodosum and to draw attention to accompanying symptoms that can guide us to the appropriate diagnosis. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Currently, erythema nodosum is thought to be a symptom associated with hypersensitivity reactions to various antigens. Although the majority of the causes are considered idiopathic, erythema nodosum may be caused by many etiological factors. Summary: Erythema nodosum is usually an acute condition that resolves without treatment. However, it can sometimes be the first sign of a serious condition - autoimmune diseases, infections or malignancy. In such cases it is essential to observe it carefully and implement appropriate diagnostics that allow us to make a correct diagnosis.
Introduction Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic rheumatic disease of unknown etiology that affect children. According to the definition of JIA, the disease begins before the age of 16 and lasts more than 6 weeks. The International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) has divided juvenile idiopathic arthritis into seven categories: systemic, oligoarticular, polyarticular RF (-), polyarticular RF (+), psoriatic, enthesitis-related and undifferentiated arthritis. Purpose The aim of this review is to present the classification, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and complications of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Methods Literature searches in PubMed, Google Scholarship, and open source books were used to gather information. Results Complex interactions between cells of the immune system are responsible for the pathophysiology of JIA and indicate the need to divide the disease into clinical subtypes, the heterogeneity of which requires different therapeutic actions. There are many groups of drugs with different mechanisms of action used in the treatment of JIA, including: T lymphocyte inhibitors, anti-TNFα, JAK inhibitors, IL-1 and IL-6 blockers. Despite the great progress and the commitment of scientists, there is still no treatment strategy to completely stop the development of the disease. Conclusions Scientific research conducted around the world has led to the recognition of numerous pathways leading to the formation of the inflammatory process and the symptoms of JIA. Knowledge of these mechanisms allows scientists to conduct research on further drugs, the aim of which is to find a treatment strategy that prevents permanent joint damage, improves treatment results, and enables sustainable remission. It is necessary to expand knowledge about the pathways responsible for the formation of the inflammatory process, the interruption of which would allow complete inhibition of the development of the disease.
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