Zoghbi et al 437 † More specific in peri-procedural or early post-procedural assessment. Holodiastolic flow reversal may not be seen in severe bradycardia. ‡ Dependent on aortic compliance; limits its utility in the elderly population; influenced by heart rate. §The vena contracta area is measured by planimetry of the vena contracta of the jet(s) on 2D or 3D color Doppler images in the short-axis view.k Measured as the sum of the circumferential lengths of each regurgitant jet vena contracta (not including the non-regurgitant space between the separate jets) divided by the circumference of the outer edge of the valve.

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Background-Echocardiography is available in the most basic healthcare environments. Mitral repair is potentially curative and, when possible, recommended over replacement. The efficacy of echo-guided repair has not been established. Methods and Results-We developed a succinct set of precisely defined images observed to be highly concordant with intraoperative findings. These images guided intervention on 237 consecutive patients. None were lost to follow-up, and serial echocardiography was obtained on all repairs. This analysis includes 2037 echocardiograms.

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The incidence of RTIs in the low-volume rural setting is unacceptably high and most commonly associated with motorcycles. The change in incidence is unreliable due to logistic restraints of the project and more research is needed to quantify the impact of various RTI prevention strategies in this setting. This study provides insight into road traffic injuries on low-volume rural roads, areas where very little research has been captured. Additionally, it provides a replicable study design for those interested in collecting similar data on low-volume rural roads.