Aggregate pooled cross-sectional and time-series annual state data for 1985 to 1992 were used to estimate the systemwide effects of retrospective drug utilization review programs (Retro-DUR) on Medicaid drug and nondrug outcomes. The results provide evidence that these programs produce significant cost savings in the drug budget without spillover effects (positive or negative) in other nondrug budgets within the Medicaid system. We also examine the influence of restricted formularies in this post-Retro-DUR era on drug and nondrug budgets in the Medicaid system; we find significant cost savings in the former but positive spillover effects in the latter.

Our purpose was to advance the current academic discussion on how to most effectively teach managerial ethics at the undergraduate level.  We argued that undergraduate ethics education should be comprehensive, multi-dimensional and woven into the fabric of each student’s experience.  In particular, we hypothesized that the inclusion of service-learning experiences and a rigorous honor system would lead to better identification and resolution of ethical dilemmas.  A survey of 304 undergraduates from four colleges and universities yielded modest support for our hypotheses.  In conclusion, we discuss possible explanations for the results and avenues for future studies.

Previous research has heightened the debate over what motivates the American Medical Political Action Committee (AMPAC), the campaign financing arm of the American Medical Association (AMA). Analyses of roll call votes typically assume that vote-buying is the reason AMPAC contributes to members of Congress, a hypothesis consistent with the theory of economic regulation, but one that has seldom been tested empirically.

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