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New work-new words. Thus Wehrlieder. In Old German, Wehr means a man who bears arms for his own honor and that of his people. (The terms) wehrbar and wehrhaft have always recalled this old form of manhood, which disappeared only for a time . . . Wehrlieder are the voices of the bards, songs of manliness, and a prelude to the new age, where every man will be a man once again, and the people no herd doing forced labor for foreign masters. No being of the male sex who is not a Wehr can be considered a man, but only a male, a manikin. 187 means willing to and capable of bearing arms. The word " Wehr" means defense in modern German, and is used in many compound words such as Wehrmacht and Wehrdienst (military service). Both the older meaning of man/defender and the modern meaning of defense were present in the Old English word "were," which, in the sense of man, is preserved in modern English in the word "werewolf." For the sake of fluency, " Wehrhaftigkeit" has been translated here as "valor" and "wehrhaft" as valorous, but this is not a completely satisfactory solution, and the reader should keep in mind the more literal meaning as well. Note the spelling "Mannlkhkeit," which deviates from that of the usual German word for masculinity/maleness, "Mannlkhkeit."4. Gerhard Schulz speaks of a "Mannlichkeitsrausch," Die deutsche Literatur zwischen Franzosischer Revolution und Restauration.

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In Prussian-German history, the period of the Anti-Napoleonic Wars between 1806 and 1815 is central for the formation of a national political culture. These wars accelerated and intensified the nationalization of the gender order and the ‘gendering’ of the nation, while permanently influencing the fundamental structures of the relationship between women, the state and the nation. The article analyses one form of female patriotic activities during this period: the participation of armed women in the wars, as well as the ways in which they were perceived and commemorated. By studying their collective perception and remembrance with a focus on Prussia in a broader European context, the article explores the relationship between women, war and the nation.