No abstract

The reuse of wastewater by the pulp and paper industry reduces environmental impacts by contributing to raw water conservation, thereby making a greater volume of fresh water available for nobler purposes, and reducing wastewater treatment. This study evaluated a proposed system of water reuse at a Kraft pulp and paper plant in Brazil, based on a survey of water quality required by its consumption points, supplied by its water treatment plant. Results after ultrafiltration included: turbidity of 0,3 NTU and pH 7,5, average values of BOD 66,4 mg/L, COD 9,6 mg/L and the colour of 280,5 ppm Pt were measured after ultrafiltration. The ultrafiltered wastewater was considered available for reuse, and its quality was compared with that of the water supplied by the water treatment plant, which provided for the classification of potential reuse points. Water colour was identified as the limiting factor for reuse; thus the reuse points were two Kraft paper machines, and the water flow to the liquid ring formations that generate the vacuums inside nineteen pumps for these two machines. The advantages of this proposal for water reuse include: ultrafiltered water quality sufficient for the vacuum pumps, the small distance between the point of reused water generation and the paper machines section, and the reused water has no contact with the final product. The calculated cost and return time for the water reuse system was US$ 607.020,00 in 15 years.

Resumo: O Consórcio Público pode ser uma alternativa viável para atendimento às atuais exigências do cenário de saneamento básico. Assim, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi analisar o processo de formação de novos consórcios públicos intermunicipais de resíduos sólidos urbanos, utilizando como estudo de caso o Estado do Paraná. A metodologia baseou-se em pesquisa bibliográfica e de campo. Para a amostra, selecionou-se o grupo de municípios do Consórcio Intermunicipal para Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos -CONRESOL e um grupo de municípios não consorciados. Foram aplicados questionários para representantes dos dois grupos. Entre os resultados, pode-se apontar a iniciativa do município como fundamental no processo da formação de novos consórcios; o trâmite jurídico para a implantação do consórcio representando mais segurança jurídica do que um empecilho; e a viabilização da disposição adequada à maior vantagem na formação desse arranjo. Palavras-chave: Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos. Consórcios Públicos. Disposição Adequada. Abstract: The Public Consortium can be a viable alternative to meet the current demands of sanitation scenario. The objective of this research was to analyze the process of formation of new public consortia of municipal solid waste, using as a case study the state of Paraná. The methodology was based on a literature review and field research. The group of municipalities of the Intermunicipal Consortium for Management of Municipal Solid Waste (CONRESOL) and a group of not associated municipalities were selected as sample. Questionnaires were applied to the two groups. Among the results one can point the initiative of the municipality as fundamental in the process of formation of new consortia; the legal process for the Consórcios Públicos de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos na perspectiva regional do Paraná Redes (St. Cruz Sul, Online), v. 21, nº 2, p. 131 -159, maio/ago. 2016 132 formation of consortium representing more a legal certainty than a hindrance; and the feasibility of appropriate disposition the greatest advantage in the forming of this arrangement.A constituição de consórcios públicos para a prestação de serviços de resíduos sólidos pode ser uma forma viável e relevante face ao cenário de saneamento básico no Brasil, o qual apresenta indicadores preocupantes, tais como, a média per capita de resíduos gerados de 1,05 kg/hab./dia e a disposição inadequada (lixões e aterros controlados) em mais de 74% dos municípios (BRASIL, 2016).Dessa forma, esta pesquisa buscou compreender os possíveis motivos que desfavorecem a formação de novos consórcios nessa área, apresentar recomendações que fortaleçam a proposta de consórcios públicos de RSU e, ao mesmo tempo, contribuir com pesquisas afins, utilizando como estudo de caso o Estado do Paraná.

In order to remove micropollutants from wastewater, it is necessary to adopt advanced treatment technologies, one of which is adsorption with activated carbon powder (ACP). This study evaluated the process of ACP adsorption to remove 18 emerging micropollutants from secondary wastewater effluent in the wastewater treatment plant in Büsnau, Stuttgart, Germany. Norit ACP was selected for this study. The contact time was 30 minutes. In this configuration, removal efficiency of pharmaceuticals was higher than 77% with 10mg/L of ACP, and with 30 mg/L it was higher than 90%. For PCPs, removal efficiency with 10 mg/L of ACP varied from 50% for triethyl citrate and up to 88% for tonalide (AHTN), while 20mg/L removed more than 83% of each PCP analyzed. For the FROPs, removal rates with 10mg/L of ACP varied from 49% for N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (TCEP) and 91% for tris-(1,3-dichloroisopropyl)-phosphate (TDCP), and 20mg/L attained removal rates of 86% for TCEP and 99% for TDCP. Finally, MTBT and BT obtained removal levels equal to or higher than 60% with initial doses of 5mg/L of ACP. It was confirmed that treatment with ACP is an efficient solution for the removal of examined emerging micropollutants.