OBJECTIVES: To determine which staff behaviours and interventions were helpful to a family who had a child die in the intensive care unit (ICU) and which behaviours could be improved. METHODS: Families whose child died six to 18 months earlier were invited to participate. Families whose child's death involved a coroner's inquiry were excluded. Family members were interviewed by a grief counselor, and completed the Grief Experience Inventory Profile and an empirically designed questionnaire. RESULTS: No family refused to participate. All family members (13 families, 24 individuals) reported that they wanted, were offered and had: time to be alone with their child, time to hold the child, chances to discuss their feelings, and an opportunity to cry and express their emotions openly. Tangible mementos of the child were appreciated. Support provided by nursing staff was rated as excellent. Some physicians appeared to be abrupt, cold and unfeeling. Hospital social workers and chaplains, when available, were appreciated. Parents valued access to private space and holding their child, but these options needed to be suggested, as they did not know to ask for them. Some families wanted more information about funeral arrangements; most wanted more timely information about autopsy results and feedback on organ donations. Follow-up contact from the hospital about four weeks after the death was valued. Families saw the study as an opportunity to provide feedback that may help others. CONCLUSIONS: Many acute bereavement interventions need to be initiated by staff because families do not know to request them. Physicians do not always meet individual family's needs for support. Contact initiated by staff following a death is appreciated.
Objectives We describe the Columbia‐Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C‐SSRS)–Clinical Practice Screener’s ability to predict suicide and emergency department (ED) visits for self‐harm in the year following an ED encounter. Methods Screening data from adult patients’ first ED encounter during a 27‐month study period were analyzed. Patients were excluded if they died during the encounter or left without being identified. The outcomes were suicide as reported by the state health department and a recurrent ED visit for suicide attempt or self‐harm reported by the state hospital association. Multivariable regression examined the screener’s correlation with these outcomes. Results Among 92,643 patients analyzed, eleven (0.01%) patients died by suicide within a month after ED visit. The screener’s sensitivity and specificity for suicide by 30 days were 0.18 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.00 to 0.41) and 0.99 (95% CI = 0.99 to 0.99). Sensitivity and specificity were better for predicting self‐harm by 30 days: 0.53 (95% CI = 0.42 to 0.64) and 0.97 (95% CI = 0.97 to 0.97), respectively. Multivariable regression demonstrated that screening risk remained associated with both suicide and self‐harm outcomes in the presence of covariates. Suicide risk was not mitigated by hospitalization or psychiatric intervention in the ED. Conclusions The C‐SSRS screener is insensitive to suicide risk after ED discharge. Most patients who died by suicide screened negative and did not receive psychiatric services in the ED. Moreover, most patients with suicidal ideation died by causes other than suicide. The screener was more sensitive for predicting nonfatal self‐harm and may inform a comprehensive risk assessment. These results compel us to reimagine the provision of emergency psychiatric services.
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