Simulating human motion is a complex problem due to redundancy of the human musculoskeletal system. The concept of task-based dynamic motion prediction using singleor multi-objective optimization techniques provides a viable approach for predicting dynamic gait motions of digital humans, subjected to basic physical and kinematical constraints. The task-based motion prediction is in fact a numerical optimal control problem. Alternative formulations for simulation of human gait motion are possible and can be solved by modern nonlinear optimization methods. Different ways to discretize the equations of motion are presented, namely finite difference, and Hermite and B-spline interpolations. The advantages and disadvantages of different formulations are discussed. Since the human gait simulation utilizes gradient-based optimization techniques, analytical gradients of objective and constraint functions are provided. A skeletal model for the lower body having 18 degrees of freedom is used to demonstrate the formulations, and is solved by a large-scale sparse nonlinear programming solver.2 inverted pendulum. The advantages of this method are its simplicity and fast solvable dynamics equations 5 . However, it also suffers from an inadequate dynamics model that cannot generate natural and realistic human motion.Optimization-based trajectory generation is aimed at more realistic and natural humanoid motion. Many humanfeatured criteria can be simultaneously considered rather than only stability. For digital human simulations, the objective functions represent human performance measures, and optimization methods are used to solve for the feasible joint motion profiles that optimize the objective functions and satisfy the necessary constraints 6-9 . Lo et al. used quasi-Newton nonlinear programming techniques to determine the human motion that minimizes the actuating joint torques 10 . The design variables were the control points for the cubic B-spline approximation of joint angle profiles. Chevallereau and Aoustin planned a walking and running motion using the Pontryagin Maximum Principle to determine the coefficients of a polynomial approximation for profiles of the pelvis translations and joint angle rotations 6 . Saidouni and Bessonet solved for cyclic, symmetric gait motion of a nine degree of freedom (DOF) model that moves in the sagittal plane 8 . The control points for the B-spline curves along with the time durations for the gait stages are optimized to minimize the actuating torque energy. By adopting the time durations as design variables both the motion for the single support and for the double support are simultaneously optimized.Skeletal models are used quite naturally in the robotics area. They have also been used in human locomotion modelling due to their relative simplicity and computational efficiency 6-9 . In biomechanics literature, optimizationbased methods have been used to simulate human motion with complex musculoskeletal models [11][12][13] . Muscle groups are included in the model using Hill-type elem...

De leishmaniosis tegumentaria americana se registran 1,5 millones de nuevos casos, está presente en 88 países, esto hace que ocupe el sexto lugar entre las enfermedades importantes del mundo y el segundo entre las enfermedades parasitarias únicamente detrás del paludismo, pero en América Latina son escasos los trabajos sobre conocimientos de leishmaniosis tegumentaria americana como sustento de los programas sanitarios de control la mayoría únicamente se enfocan en aspectos tales como: control químico y biológico de vectores, estudio de reservorios, seroprevalencia en áreas endémicas, tratamiento farmacológico e inmunoterapia. El objetivo determinar las características clínico-epidemiológicas y conocimiento sobre leishmaniosis tegumentaria americana. Estudio descriptivo con diseño de investigación documental y de campo, con base en la revisión de registro epidemiológico y aplicación de un cuestionario. La mayoría de los afectados son adultos jóvenes (20-59 años) (66,3%) del género masculino, obreros (27,4%) con lesiones en miembro superior (40,5%), generalmente únicas (53,4%) y tratadas (86,3%). 80% conoce la enfermedad y 83% al transmisor, y 38% conoce el tratamiento farmacológico. Se concluye que los afectados con LTA son principalmente hombres, en edad económicamente productiva, obreros y agricultores, con niveles educativos no superiores a medio diversificado, ubicados en pobreza relativa como estrato socio-económico, con lesiones de piel únicas en regiones expuestas del cuerpo y tratadas farmacológicamente; que la población conoce la historia natural de la enfermedad y el transmisor, pero desconocen aspectos de la biología del insecto; y que conocen y prefieren el tratamiento médico-farmacológico del sistema médico-científico y del servicio curativo público.

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