A Total of 36 water samples were collected from 3 irrigation and drainage canals in Fayoum Governorate, Egypt, to identify the quality for irrigation. Site 1; Bahr Wahby Canal, Site 2; Batss drain and Site 3; El Gharaq drain. Measurements included pH, EC soluble ions, and heavy metals during 12 months (one sample each month for each site) from April 2016 to March 2017. The pH varied from 7.00 to 9.32, while EC average for sites 1, 2, and 3 were 2.13, 2.20, and 3.85 dSm -1 , respectively. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values were 4.88, 4.98 and 7.53 for sites 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Water quality for site 1and 2 was C 3 S 2 (high salinity and medium sodicity hazards), while for site 3 they were C 4 S 2 (very high salinity and medium sodicity hazards) and could be used for crops which are tolerant to salinity. All heavy elements at the three sites were below the permissible limits. Water measurements and assessment are important in determining their quality.

Water scarcity may become a real challenge in Egypt in the near future. Samples of irrigation and drainage water were taken monthly from Belbais, El-Qalubia main drains, and El-Ismailia canal to assess water quality and suitability for irrigation purposes. Salinity of water ranged between 0.33 and 2.45 dsm-1 and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) ranged between 3.6 to 15.94. Ranges of heavy metals in mgl-1 were 1.02-6.9 for Fe, 0.05-0.49 for Mn, 0.15-1.1 for Zn, 0.005-0.2 for Cu, 0.004-0.8 for Co, 0.03-0.24 for Ni, 0.001-0.7 for Cd, 0.14-0.84 for B, 0.41-5.7 for Pb, and 0.83-9.2 for NO 3 , with cases of possible high contents of heavy metals in El-Manzala lake. According to USDA (1954), water class of Belbais and El-Qalubia main drains, and El-Ismailia canal is C 3 S 1 (high salinity, low sodicity). According to Gupta (1984) water class is C 3 S 3 (high salinity, high sodicity). For trace elements and heavy metals based on the recommended maxima of the US committee on water quality, there is no hazard for Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, or Ni, but Cd content exceeded the permissible limits of 0.01 to 0.05 mgl-1. Manganese exceeded the limit for continuous use in water of Belbais and El-Qalubia main drains; cobalt exceeded the limit in continuous use, but may be used for only 20 years in heavy soils. Other assessments including SAR/ SCAR were also carried out.

The current study was carried on a newly reclaimed area of El-Nubaria where major of agricultural project for development is underway West of the Nile Delta, Egypt. The objective was to determine the capability and suitability of soils which are marine-lacustrine silty clay soils with shallow to medium depth in El-Nubaria region. The system of evaluation was on ASLE model (Applied System of Land Evaluation) integrated with the geographic information system (GIS). Three soil profiles were chosen (representing the pre-specified geomorphological soil unit) which were morphologically described and samples were analysed. Spatial thematic distribution maps of soil characteristics were created for the study unit using GIS software; Arc GIS V. 10.3. Three current land productivity classes were recognized class 2 "good soil productivity" for profile 3; class 3 "fair soil productivity" for profile 2 and class 5 "very poor soil productivity" for profile 1. Soil limitations were water table depth, carbonates, texture, irrigation water salinity, alkalinity (ESP) and organic matter. Wheat, barley, alfalfa, sunflower, cotton, date palm and olive were the optimum crops for land use in the study unit.

A total of 36 water samples were collected from 3 irrigation and drainage canals in San El-Hagar (Sharkia Governorate, Egypt); site 1; Bahr-Mouse canal, site 2; Kafr El-Masalamya drainage canal and site 3; Almashraa drainage canal. Measurements included pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soluble ions and heavy metals were carried out during 12 months (one sample each month for each site) from June 2015 to May 2016. The pH values ranged between 7.04 to 7.67 and EC for sites 1, 2 and 3 were averaged 2.14, 2.67 and 2.71 dSm -1 , respectively. Respective averages for sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were 4.

The objective of this study was to assess the quality of irrigation water, groundwater and drainage water in Mashtoul El-Souq District, Sharkia Governorate, for the supplemental irrigation purposes to compensate for the lacke of fresh irrigation water required for crops grown in the study area. Six sampels from Nabtit and El-Serw irrigation canals, 26-sampels from observation wells (groundwater) and 6-sampels from the outlets of main subsurface drainage collectors (drainage water) were collected during summer (2017) and winter (2017/2018). To achieve this study, three neighboring sites with already installed subsurface drainage system were selected. Three drainage collectors were choosen (one for each site). Five pizometers (observation wells) were constructed at the first collector, 4 pizometers at the second collector and 4 pizometers at the third collector. Water samples were periodically taken from the drainage network at the dumps of drainage pools in exchange rooms. Water samples were subjected to chemical analyses and then calculating some quality parameters to assess their validity for supplemental agricultural irrigation. Cations, anions, pH and EC were determined. Results showed that P H values ranged from7.6 to 8.0 in irrigation water samples, and the average of salinity (EC) and sodicity (SAR) values in irrigation water samples were 0.63 dSm-1 and 2.09, respectively, low saline and alkaline water which is good for irrigation. The pH values of the drainage water ranged from 7.8 to 8.2, and the average values of EC and SAR values in drainage water samples were 2.1 dSm-1 and 4.52, respectively. According to the division of the US Salinity Lab. (1954), it was classified as C2S1 for irrigation water samples, and for drainage water, the classification lies between C3S2 and C4S2. There were seasonal differences in the concentration of soluble ions. Salinity and sodicity of subsurface water varied from 0.78 to 3.12 dSm-1 and 1.75 to 8.42, respectively. A better strategy for dealing with the "disposal" of subsurface agricultural drainage water is that the drainage water could be intercepted, isolated from the good-quality water, and reused for the irrigation of suitably salt-tolerant crops other than blending.