EXAFS study of Mo/AI2O3 catalysts (prepared by equilibrium adsorption) that the basic hydroxyl groups of the A1203 lead to the adsorption of tetrahedral molybdenum species and other sites on the A1203, presumably coordinatively unsaturated AI3+ sites, are responsible for the adsorption of octahedrally coordinated Mo species. Thus, it is reasonable to tentatively assign surface species A to a tetrahedral surface molybdate species and surface species B to surface polymolybdate species with octahedral coordination.Finally, it is necessary to see whether the Raman spectral features are consistent with the tentative assignments for surface species A and B. It must first be realized, however, that Raman bands characteristic of tetrahedral and octahedral Mo species overlap extensively in the 900-1000-~m-~ region.2g Thus, the change observed in the 950-960-cm-l peak shape as molybdenum loading is increased from 2.5 to 8 wt % MOO, (Figure 8) may be due to formation of an additional Raman band characteristic of octahedral polymolybdate species. Features in the Raman spectra of supported Mo catalysts have also been observed in the 800-900-cm-' region (e.g., ref 29) and have been attributed to either MeO-Mo or Mo-0-X modes or to a combination of both (X refers to the support, e.g., X = Ti for Ti02) (ref 29 and references herein). The broad background on the low-frequency side of the 950-960-cm-' peak that we observe for Mo/TiO, catalysts with Mo loadings of >2.5 wt % MOO, suggests a species with a high degree of disorder. Thus, it is possible that this broad "peak" on the low-frequency side of the 950-960-cm-' peak is due to a Mo-0-Mo mode, characteristic of polymolybdate, and that the high degree of disorder is a result of the binding of a welldefined polymolybdate species to heterogeneous sites on TiO, (presumably acidic hydroxyl groups) or to the interaction of an (28) Mensch, C. T. J.; van Veen, J. A. R.; van Wingerden, B.; van Dijk, (29) Payen, E.: Grimblot, J.; Kasztelan, S. J. Phys. Chem. 1987, 91, 6642. M. P. J . Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 4961.ill-defined polymeric phase with one type of TiO, site. ConclusionsRaman data and thiophene HDS activity measurements suggest that three molybdenum species are present on oxidic Mo/Ti02 catalysts. A surface Mo interaction species, tentatively assigned to tetrahedral surface molybdate species, is formed up to Mo loadings of 2.5 wt % MOO, and is the oxidic precursor to the most active species for thiophene HDS (intrinsic thiophene HDS activity of -816 cm3 of C4 product/(h g of MOO,)). A second Mo interaction species, tentatively assigned to surface polymolybdate species, is formed for higher M o loadings. The polymolybdate species contributes to the background on the low-frequency side of the broad 950-960-cm-l Raman peak and is less active for thiophene HDS (intrinsic activity of 250 cm3 of C4 product/(h g of MOO,)). ESCA data showed that both of these Mo surface species have similar dispersions. Catalysts with Mo loadings of >8-9 wt % MOO, also contain bulk MOO,. The distribution o...

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BackgroundAdherence to treatment homework is associated with positive outcomes in behavioral psychotherapy but compliance to assignments is still often moderate. Whether adherence can be predicted by different types of motivation for the task and whether motivation plays different roles in face-to-face compared to online psychotherapy is unknown. If models of motivation, such as Self-determination theory, can be used to predict patients’ behavior, it may facilitate further research into homework promotion. The aims of this study were, therefore, to investigate whether motivation variables could predict adherence to a prescribed assignment in face-to-face and online interventions using a psychotherapy analog model.MethodsA total of 100 participants were included in this study and randomized to either a face-to-face or online intervention. Participants in both groups received a psychoeducation session and were given an assignment for the subsequent week. The main outcome measurements were self-reported motivation and adherence to the assignment.ResultsParticipant in the face-to-face condition reported significantly higher levels of motivation and showed higher levels of adherence compared to participants in the online condition. Adherence to the assignment was positively associated with intrinsic motivation and intervention credibility in the whole sample and especially in the online group.ConclusionsThis study shows that intrinsic motivation and intervention credibility are strong predictors of adherence to assignments, especially in online interventions. The results indicate that intrinsic motivation may be partly substituted with face-to-face contact with a therapist. It may also be possible to identify patients with low motivation in online interventions who are at risk of dropping out. Methods for making online interventions more intrinsically motivating without increasing external pressure are needed.Trial registrationclinicaltrials.gov NCT02895308. Retrospectively registered 30 August 2016.

Recent years have seen an increased emphasis on protection of civilians and the problem of sexual violence. The Security Council has adopted a number of resolutions towards improving the status of women in the realm of peace and security. However, we do not know if this translates into action by the Security Council in terms of deploying peacekeepers to respond to sexual violence. In this paper, we examine to what extent the prevalence of sexual violence increases the likelihood that the un chooses to deploy peacekeeping operations. In doing so, we acknowledge that sexual violence is an underreported phenomenon, about which the Security Council may not have perfect information. We explore this question by using data from the svac dataset in all intrastate armed conflicts, 1989-2009, which provides information about sexual violence as reported by three main agencies. We examine to what extent sexual violence, as reported by different agencies, is correlated with a higher likelihood that the un deploys a peacekeeping operation. Our findings suggest that reports of sexual violence on average increase the likelihood of a peacekeeping operation. However, depending on which of the sources we consider, we find contradictory findings for whether the un responds differently to sexual violence perpetrated by states and non-state actors respectively. * Lisa Hultman acknowledges the generous research funding from Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. The authors would also like to thank the organizers and participants of the Measuring Trends in Violence against Civilians workshop in Atlanta, 15 March 2016, for feedback on an early version of the paper.

Recent years have seen an increased emphasis on both protection of civilians and the problem of sexual violence. We explore the impact of United Nations (UN) peacekeeping on the occurrence of wartime sexual violence. Acknowledging the difficulty in reducing sexual violence, we propose two conditions under which peacekeepers are more likely to be successful: when the mission has a protection mandate and when the conflict actors exercise a high level of control over their forces. We find that the ability of peacekeepers to reduce sexual violence in general is weak. Only police within protection missions reduces the risk of sexual violence by rebels. However, when the actors exercise control, the number of peacekeepers is associated with a lower risk of sexual violence by both governments and rebels. We conclude that dealing with sexual violence by weak and fragmented actors is a challenging task beyond the current capacity of UN peacekeeping.