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We describe a new macrophyte-based assessment tool for Austrian lakes elaborated according to the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive. Data from 38 out of 45, WFD-relevant (C50 ha) lakes in Austria collected with the help of a new mapping procedure form the basis for a macrophyte-based lake typology and the definition of reference conditions. Module 1 of the Austrian Index Macrophytes (AIM) focuses on the assessment of trophic state and general impairment of lakes. Several metrics were developed and applied in combination with existing indices to classify lakes into five ecological status classes. The metric ''vegetation density'' focuses on the overall abundance of macrophytes. Since the lower limit of the macrophyte vegetation in lakes is mainly regulated by the water transparency, the metric ''vegetation limit'' is closely related to the trophic state of the lake. In deep lakes, macrophytes normally form different vegetation zones. As a result of alteration of the shoreline, artificial water level fluctuations or wave action and even eutrophication, specific zones can be missing. The metric ''characteristic zonation'' helps to check, if all type-specific vegetation zones are present. The metric ''trophic indication'' uses the Macrophyte Index after Melzer (Hydrobiologia, 395/396: 181-190, 1999). This term indicates the lake trophic state but, in contrast to the metric ''vegetation limit'', it tends to show not only the trophic state of the water column but also, in particular, the nutrient conditions in the sediment. With the help of the metric ''species composition,'' the species spectrum and the species abundances of the current transect are compared with the species composition at reference sites. The similarity of the datasets is measured as Bray-Curtis Distance (Beals, Advances in Ecological Research, 14: 1-55, 1984). The established metrics cover different aspects of macrophyte vegetation and allow analysing the prevailing pressure. Since the different metrics have a different temporal response to eutrophication and reoligotrophication, additional information on the current state of the lake in relation to these processes can be derived. The successful application of AIM-Module 1 is presented for two Austrian lakes and discussed in relation to other assessment tools.

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Teubner et al.Water Transparency as Socio-Ecological Indicator 3.5 m Secchi depth and thus exceeds by far water clarity requested due to bathing aesthetics. Global warming, mirrored by an advanced warming in spring seems to favor significantly a higher yield of macrophytes mainly built up by Myriophyllum at the expense of the yield of algae. The prolongation of the summer period above 21 • C, however, coincides with lowered Secchi transparency. Water visibility during the hot season thus seems to be slightly hampered against lake restoration efforts by global warming.