Hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a serious condition that could have deleterious neurological outcomes, such as cerebral palsy, neuromotor disability, developmental disability, epilepsy, and sensitive or cognitive problems, and increase the risk of death in severe cases. Once HIE occurs, molecular cascades are triggered favoring the oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and inflammation damage that promote cell death via apoptosis or necrosis. Currently, the therapeutic hypothermia is the standard of care in HIE; however, it has a small window of action and only can be used in children of more than 36 gestational weeks; for this reason, it is very important to develop new therapies to prevent the progression of the hypoxic–ischemic injury or to develop neuroregenerative therapies in severe HIE cases. The objective of this revision is to describe the emerging treatments for HIE, either preventing cell death for oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, or exacerbated inflammation, as well as describing a new therapeutic approach for neuroregeneration, such as mesenchymal stem cells, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and gonadotropin realizing hormone agonists.
Antecedentes: el labio leporino y el paladar hendido (CLP) es una de las alteraciones congénitas más comunes que afecta las estructuras faciales y, en consecuencia, interfiere con el proceso de alimentación y un estado nutricional adecuado. El tratamiento ortopédico puede desempeñar un papel en los trastornos nutricionales y dietéticos. Objetivo: evaluamos el estado nutricional y la ingesta dietética en niños en edad preescolar con CLP bajo el tratamiento de dispositivos ortopédicos fijos. Métodos: estudio transversal en 31 niños (3 a 6 años) con CLP; se tomaron medidas antropométricas bajo los criterios de los puntajes Z de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, así como el recuerdo dietético de 24 horas para la evaluación dietética (macro y micronutrientes). Resultados: 19.4% de los niños tenían bajo peso y 25.8% presentaron sobrepeso u obesidad; se registró una dieta insuficiente en nutrientes específicos, tales como: fibra, ácido fólico, hierro, potasio y fósforo. La adherencia al tratamiento con dispositivos ortopédicos se asoció con una baja ingesta de proteínas, además de un mayor consumo de lípidos en aquellos que siguen una correcta adherencia al tratamiento. Conclusiones: los niños con CLP pueden comprometer sus requerimientos de dieta y, en consecuencia, su estado nutricional. El material y funcionalidad de los dispositivos ortopédicos deben considerarse para lograr una rehabilitación adecuada y un crecimiento normal.
Obesity is an issue that impacts vulnerable populations worldwide, resulting in significant monetary costs related to health problems. Nutrient intake and preferences for specific foods are major factors that can lead to the development of healthy or poor nutritional habits, which will ultimately define if an individual becomes overweight. Various circumstances influence these preferences, such as physiological needs, emotional, social and hedonic factors, and the expression and signaling of different molecules. It is essential to clarify the diverse mechanisms by which the body "chooses" certain types of food since these choices will recur throughout the lifespan of an individual, potentially causing poor eating habits. Multiple components contribute to nutrient preference. Some of these are aging, variability in taste receptors, flavor perception, hormones, nutrient deficiencies, and gene expression. The purpose of this review is to identify and emphasize the physiological elements that may regulate and affect food preference.
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