The “nerve guide conduits” (NGC) used in nerve regeneration must mimic the natural environment for proper cell behavior. Objective: To describe the main morphological characteristics of polymeric NGC to promote nerve regeneration. Methods: A scoping review was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) criteria in the PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) databases. Primary studies that considered/evaluated morphological characteristics of NGC to promote nerve regeneration were included. Result: A total of 704 studies were found, of which 52 were selected. The NGC main morphological characteristics found in the literature were: (I) NGC diameter affects the mechanical properties of the scaffold. (II) Wall thickness of NGC determines the exchange of nutrients, molecules, and neurotrophins between the internal and external environment; and influences the mechanical properties and biodegradation, similarly to NGC (III) porosity, (IV) pore size, and (V) pore distribution. The (VI) alignment of the NGC fibers influences the phenotype of cells involved in nerve regeneration. In addition, the (VII) thickness of the polymeric fiber influences neurite extension and orientation. Conclusions: An NGC should have its diameter adjusted to the nerve with wall thickness, porosity, pore size, and distribution of pores, to favor vascularization, permeability, and exchange of nutrients, and retention of neurotrophic factors, also favoring its mechanical properties and biodegradability.

Cellular behavior in nerve regeneration is affected by the architecture of the polymeric nerve guide conduits (NGCs); therefore, design features of polymeric NGCs are critical for neural tissue engineering. Hence, the purpose of this scoping review is to summarize the adequate quantitative/morphometric parameters of the characteristics of NGC that provide a supportive environment for nerve regeneration, enhancing the understanding of a previous study. 394 studies were found, of which 29 studies were selected. The selected studies revealed four morphometric characteristics for promoting nerve regeneration: wall thickness, fiber size, pore size, and porosity. An NGC with a wall thickness between 250–400 μm and porosity of 60–80%, with a small pore on the inner surface and a large pore on the outer surface, significantly favored nerve regeneration; resulting in an increase in nutrient permeability, retention of neurotrophic factors, and optimal mechanical properties. On the other hand, the superiority of electrospun fibers is described; however, the size of the fiber is controversial in the literature, obtaining optimal results in the range of 300 nm to 30 µm. The incorporation of these optimal morphometric characteristics will encourage nerve regeneration and help reduce the number of experimental studies as it will provide the initial morphometric parameters for the preparation of an NGC.

Osseointegration implies the coexistence of a biocompatible implant subjected to masticatory loads and living bone tissue adhered to its surface; this interaction is a critical process for the success of implants. The objective of this work is to analyze the osseoformation and osseointegration of a dental implant in operation for 5 years microscopically through morphological analysis of the surface and chemical composition through a variable pressure scanning electron microscope (VP-SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX). The chemical composition and general characteristics of the structural morphology of random areas of the surfaces of an osseointegrated dental implant from an ex vivo sample were analyzed. On the surface of the implant free of bone tissue, titanium (TI) was mainly identified in the area of the implant threads and carbon (C) in the depth of the implant threads. Phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), oxygen (O), carbon (C), with dense and homogeneous distribution, and, to a lesser extent, sodium (Na) were detected on the bone surface around the contour of the implant. Regarding the morphological characteristics of the implant surface, a rough structure with some irregularities and detachments of the implant lodged in the bone tissue was observed. Microscopic analysis showed calcified bone tissue distributed in an orderly manner on the coronal and medial surface and sinuous and irregular in the apical area, with the presence of red blood cells. The composition of the implant allows a dynamic process of bone remodeling and regeneration subject to the biological and mechanical needs of the operation. Dental implants are shown to have exceptional and long-lasting biocompatibility that enables the formation of mature peri-implant bone tissue.