(1) Background: Those with Parkinson’s disease (PD) may present difficulties in performing dual tasks (DT). The use of DT during training can improve different abilities. Therefore, the objective of this study is to verify the influence of a cycling exercise program combined with a cognitive task on cognitive and physical PD aspects; (2) Methods: A double-blind, randomized pilot study was undertaken. Participants performed a DT intervention composed of cycling and a cognitive task. The cycling parameters, MDS-UPDRS, PDQ-39, TUG Test, 30 s Chair Sit to Stand test and Stroop were used to measure outcomes; (3) Results: DT generated impairment in performing the cycling task, with significant differences in cycling parameters, active and passive distance (m), total work (W) and active speed (rpm). At the cognitive level, there was a trend of improvement in the group that performed the training with DT, which improved by 211%; (4) Conclusions: Combining cycling with a cognitive task caused impairment in the performance of the physical task and an improvement at the cognitive level. Therefore, combining cycling with a cognitive task in a presumably safer environment for patients with PD can be a good way to train these patients for the dual-task challenges with practical applications.

Introduction: Scientific findings show immediate improvements after forced assisted cycling at high pedaling speeds of up to 90 revolutions per minute in patients with Parkinson's Disease, thus this review aimed to estimate the efficacy of MOTOmed® movement therapy. to increase motor function and alleviate the main symptoms in these patients. Methods: Systematic review including randomized controlled trials examining MOTOmed®  movement therapy interventions, alone or as an adjunct to rehabilitation, for patients with Parkinson's disease. The risk of bias assessment tool followed the recommendations of the Cochrane Handbook 5.1.0. All included studies reported the effects of mobility as primary outcomes. Standardized mean differences or mean differences with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results: In total, 7 trials with a total of 206 patients were included in the analysis. All studies were of moderate quality. MOTOmed®  movement therapy resulted in statistically significant improvements in the MDS-UPDRS (Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale) Motor III score (p<0.05); Upper limb MDS-UPDRS score (p<0.05); Total MDS-UPDRS (p<0.04): Upper body function (p<0.007); bradykinesia (p<0.044); Cycling variables: higher cadence (p<0.001); Timed up and done (p>0.05); tremor score (p<0.05); Walking time (p<0.05); Gait steps (p<0.05); Pronation and supination (p<0.05); Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire -PQD8 (bandages and depressions p<0.05); Gait analysis: speed (p<0.000), stride length (p<0.000), monopedal posture (p<0.000), swing phase (p<0.000); Biodex® Balance System: Clinical Test of Sensory Integration of Balance-CTSIB1 (p<0.007). Conclusion: MOTOmed®  movement therapy alone or combined with standard rehabilitation improves motor function and main symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease. Keywords: Parkinson´s disease, MOTOmed®, Physical Therapy, Physical Activity, Rehabilitation.

Introducción: El hombro es una de las estructuras más afectadas, en cuanto a las lesiones, en el balonmano. Objetivo:Describir de la tipología, prevalencia y los factores de riesgo de lesiones de hombro en balonmano. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de los cinco últimos años en seis bases de datos (Cinahl, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, SportDiscus, PubMed). Se seleccionaron 15 artículos, de los cuales 12 eran estudios observacionales y tres ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. Resultados: Se presenta una prevalencia mayor en el lado dominante. Los factores de riesgo más salientables son: sexo mujer, déficit de rotación medial, debilidad de la musculatura rotadora, discinesia, dolor o inestabilidad a nivel de tronco o miembros inferiores, aumento de la carga deportiva e incluso la posición de juego en el campo. Además, con la edad también hay mayor prevalencia. En cuanto a los protocolos de prevención los resultados son dispares, es decir, sin resultados significativos o con aumento de la fuerza y disminución de la prevalencia de problemas de hombro. Conclusiones: Teniendo en cuenta los factores de riesgo, la mayor prevalencia en el hombro dominante y el incremento con la edad, parece ser necesario empezar con protocolos preventivos en la adolescencia. Para ello, se deben realizar más estudios con diferentes protocolos según las características del/de la jugador/a. Palabras clave: Prevalencia, Factores de riesgo, Lesión, Hombro, Balonmano. Abstract. Introduction: The shoulder is one of the most affected structures, in terms of injuries, in handball. Objective: To describe the typology, prevalence and risk factors of shoulder injuries in handball. Method: A systematic search of the last five years was carried out in six databases (Cinahl, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, SportDiscus, PubMed), 15 articles were selected, of which 12 were observational studies and three were randomized clinical trials. Results: There is a higher prevalence on the dominant side. The most salient risk factors are: female sex, medial rotation deficit, weakness of the rotator muscles, dyskinesia, pain or instability in the trunk or lower limbs, increased sports load and even the playing position on the field. In addition, with age there is also a higher prevalence. Regarding prevention protocols, the results are disparate, that is, without significant results or with an increase in strength and a decrease in the prevalence of shoulder problems. Conclusions: Taking into account the risk factors, the higher prevalence in the dominant shoulder and the increase with age, it seems necessary to start with preventive protocols in adolescence. For this, more studies must be carried out with different protocols according to the characteristics of the player. Keywords: Prevalence, Risk factors, Injury, Shoulder, Handball.

Background and objectives: Parkinson disease may present difficulties in performing dual tasks. The use of dual tasks during training can improve different abilities. Therefore, the objective of this study is creating a protocol, based on standard protocol items recommendations for interventional trials compliant, for a clinical trial study conduct, review, reporting, and interpretation. This protocol will provide the framework and a guide to a randomized double-blind study, that will be conducted to assess the influence of a cycling exercise program combined with a cognitive task, on cognitive and physical Parkinson disease aspects. Methods: Designed a protocol for a double-blind randomized study, where participants will perform a dual tasks intervention with cycling and a cognitive task. The revised version of the unified Parkinson disease rating scale, the Parkinson disease questionnaire, the timed up and go Test, the 30 seconds chair sit to stand test, the Stroop and the trail making test will be used to measure outcomes. Discussion: Research in Parkinson disease suggests that an improvement of motor and cognitive functions of Parkinson disease patients can be achieved by modifying different motor and cognitive pathways. The results of the present study will yield findings on both the physical and cognitive response to an intervention that combines a cognitive task with a motor task in Parkinson disease patients and will be essential tool for a better conducting of the clinical trial study.

Introducción: el accidente cerebrovascular o ictus es un trastorno circulatorio cerebral cuya incidencia en España es de 186,9 casos/100.000 habitantes cada año. El ictus provoca un déficit neurológico focal de inicio brusco que puede provocar una hemiparesia con alteraciones motoras, cognitivas y sensitivas, entre otras. Dentro de las técnicas de fisioterapia empleadas, se encuentra la electroestimulación funcional (FES). Objetivo: analizar la evidencia científica sobre los efectos de la electroestimulación funcional en los miembros superiores tras el ictus. Método: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos PubMed, Medline y Cinahl empleando los términos del Medical Subject Headings «Stroke», «Electric Stimulation» y «Upper Extremity» y la palabra clave «Electrical Stimulation, Functional». Resultados: tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión y de exclusión se obtienen 14 estudios que aplican la FES en el miembro superior. La mayoría de los estudios centran su atención en la mejora de la fuerza, del rango de movimiento, de la espasticidad y del tono muscular, del grado de discapacidad, del desarrollo de las actividades de la vida diaria, del dolor y de la escala Fugl Meyer Assessment for Upper Limbs (FMA-UL). Conclusión: la FES parece conseguir beneficios frente a la rehabilitación convencional especialmente en los resultados de la escala FMA-UL. Con relación al resto de variables, aunque parecen observarse algunos beneficios, se necesitan más investigaciones con mayor calidad metodológica y con criterios comunes de medición, tanto en una fase temprana como en una crónica tras el ictus para poder establecer una tendencia de respuesta. Palabras clave: Electroestimulación funcional; Miembros superiores; Accidente cerebrovascular; Modalidades de fisioterapia; Pacientes. Abstract. Introduction: a cerebrovascular accident or stroke is a cerebral circulatory disorder whose incidence in Spain is 186.9 cases/100,000 inhabitants each year. Stroke causes a sudden-onset focal neurological deficit that can cause hemiparesis with motor, cognitive and sensory alterations, among others. Functional electrostimulation (FES) is one of the physiotherapy techniques used. Objective: to analyse the scientific evidence on the effects of functional electrostimulation in the upper limbs after stroke. Methods: a bibliographic search was carried out in the PubMed, Medline and Cinahl databases using the Medical Subject Headings terms «Stroke», «Electric Stimulation» and «Upper Extremity» and the keyword «Electrical Stimulation, Functional». Results: after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 14 studies were obtained that applied the FES in the upper limb. Most studies focus on improving strength, range of motion, spasticity and muscle tone, the degree of disability, the development of activities of daily living, pain and the Fugl Meyer Assessment for Upper Limbs scale (FMA-UL). Conclusion: FES seems to achieve benefits compared to conventional rehabilitation, especially in the results of the FMA-UL scale. Regarding the rest of the variables, although some benefits seem to be observed, more research is needed with higher methodological quality and with common measurement criteria, both in an early phase and in a chronic phase after the stroke to establish a response trend. Keywords: Functional electrostimulation; Upper limbs; Stroke; Physical Therapy Modalities; Patients.