BackgroundThe fungus Paracoccidioides spp is the agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a pulmonary mycosis acquired by the inhalation of fungal propagules. Paracoccidioides malate synthase (PbMLS) is important in the infectious process of Paracoccidioides spp because the transcript is up-regulated during the transition from mycelium to yeast and in yeast cells during phagocytosis by murine macrophages. In addition, PbMLS acts as an adhesin in Paracoccidioides spp. The evidence for the multifunctionality of PbMLS indicates that it could interact with other proteins from the fungus and host. The objective of this study was to identify and analyze proteins that possibly bind to PbMLS (PbMLS-interacting proteins) because protein interactions are intrinsic to cell processes, and it might be possible to infer the function of a protein through the identification of its ligands.ResultsThe search for interactions was performed using an in vivo assay with a two-hybrid library constructed in S. cerevisiae; the transcripts were sequenced and identified. In addition, an in vitro assay using pull-down GST methodology with different protein extracts (yeast, mycelium, yeast-secreted proteins and macrophage) was performed, and the resulting interactions were identified by mass spectrometry (MS). Some of the protein interactions were confirmed by Far-Western blotting using specific antibodies, and the interaction of PbMLS with macrophages was validated by indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. In silico analysis using molecular modeling, dynamics and docking identified the amino acids that were involved in the interactions between PbMLS and PbMLS-interacting proteins. Finally, the interactions were visualized graphically using Osprey software.ConclusionThese observations indicate that PbMLS interacts with proteins that are in different functional categories, such as cellular transport, protein biosynthesis, modification and degradation of proteins and signal transduction. These data suggest that PbMLS could play different roles in the fungal cell.
A vivência do espaço urbano é sempre uma oportunidade de aprendizado. Através do legado material, isto é, seu patrimônio edificado, a cidade nos ensina como o passado foi vivido, nos traz oportunidades de corrigir erros e potencializar acertos. Foi buscando perceber a cidade e a relação das pessoas com os espaços públicos que Camillo Sitte identificou princípios artísticos, os quais, aplicados na forma urbana viriam conferir qualidade e vitalidade ao espaço. Sua lição ainda é atual no que se refere a aprender com a história das cidades para projetar espaços mais aprazíveis ao cotidiano. Mesmo se tratando de uma reflexão fundamentada essencialmente no campo estético das cidades, Sitte sinaliza muito timidamente através do conceito pinturesco que mesmo os aspectos de arte possuem profunda relação com as tradições e características do lugar. Utilizando os mesmos princípios e buscando aplicar a noção de pinturesco, será aqui analisada a forma do Mercado Municipal de Goiás enquanto conjunto edificado. A atual conformação é resultado de uma intervenção entre os anos 2014-2016, cujo projeto de restauro é particularmente de interesse da análise, ao trazer os elementos que motivaram a atual forma urbana (e seus princípios), considerando as transformações espaciais ao longo da história de intervenções no Mercado e a demanda contemporânea de uso e apropriação.
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