We reconceptualize homeostasis from an inherently stochastic, intergenerational perspective. Here we use our SChemostat technology to directly record high-precision multigenerational trains of sizes of statistically identical non-interacting individual cells of Caulobacter crescentus in precisely controlled environmental conditions. We first show that individual cells indeed maintain stochastic intergenerational homeostasis of their characteristic sizes, then extract organizational principles in the form of an intergenerational scaling law and other "emergent simplicities", which facilitate a principled route to dimensional reduction of the problem. We use these emergent simplicities to formulate the precise theoretical framework for stochastic homeostasis, which not only captures the exact kinematics of stochastic intergenerational cell size homeostasis (providing spectacular theory-data matches with no fitting parameters), but also determines the necessary and sufficient condition for stochastic intergenerational homeostasis. Compellingly, our reanalysis of existing data published by other groups using different single-cell technologies demonstrates that this intergenerational framework is applicable to other microorganisms (Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis) in a variety of growth conditions. Finally, we establish that in balanced growth conditions stochastic intergenerational cell size homeostasis is achieved through elastic adaptation, thus precluding the possibility that cell size can act as a repository of intergenerational memory.

image the same structure for multiple days without loss of image quality. As proof-of-principle experiments, we imaged oligomeric and fibrillar structures formed during different stages of amyloid-b aggregation as well as the structural remodeling of amyloid fibrils by the anti-amyloid compound epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). TAB promises to directly image native amyloid in cells and tissues using standard probes at nanometer resolution and at the same time record amyloid dynamics over time scales of minutes to days.

The selective metallization of nonconductive polymer materials has broad applications in the fields of integrated circuit technology and metallized patterns. This work discusses a methodology to pattern metal tracks on polybutylene terephthalate substrates. The process consists of three steps: 1) surface patterning with picosecond laser pulses (1030 nm) in air, 2) Pd seeding via treatment in PdCl2 solution, and 3) selective metallization via electroless copper deposition. Picosecond laser irradiation promotes not only surface roughening but also chemical modification to enable Pd seeding as the polymer surface acquires the ability to reduce Pd(II)‐chloride species to metallic Pd. The laser parameters, as well as the PdCl2 concentration and seeding temperature, have an influence on the polymer surface morphology, the concentration and distribution of metallic Pd, and the copper layer properties. Homogeneous copper layers with well‐defined geometries, good coating‐substrate adhesion, and high electrical conductivity can be obtained. This is ascribed to the synergistic effect of the chemical surface activation and roughness development (from 0.13 to ≈1.6 μm). As the patterning and surface activation are performed in air, directly on the as‐received polymer substrate, this methodology shows great potential for metallization of electronic devices with 3D complex geometries.

Fluorescence nanoscopy has become an indispensable tool for studying organelle structures, protein dynamics, and interactions in biological sciences. Single-molecule localization microscopy can now routinely achieve 10-50 nm resolution through fluorescently labeled specimens in lateral optical sections. However, visualizing structures organized along the axial direction demands scanning and imaging each of the lateral imaging planes with fine intervals throughout the whole cell. This iterative process suffers from photobleaching of tagged probes, is susceptible to alignment artifacts and also limits the imaging speed. Here, we focused on the axial plane super-resolution imaging which integrated the single-objective light-sheet illumination and axial plane optical imaging with single-molecule localization technique to resolve nanoscale cellular architectures along the axial (or depth) dimension without scanning. We demonstrated that this method is compatible with DNA points accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography (DNA-PAINT) and exchange-PAINT by virtue of its light-sheet illumination, allowing multiplexed super-resolution imaging throughout the depth of whole cells. We further demonstrated this proposed system by resolving the axial distributions of intracellular organelles such as microtubules, mitochondria, and nuclear pore complexes in both COS-7 cells and glioblastoma patient-derived tumor cells.