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Abstract:Over the last decade, volunteered geographic information (VGI) has become established as one of the most relevant geographic data sources in terms of worldwide coverage, representation of local knowledge and open data policies. Beside the data itself, data about community activity provides valuable insights into the mapping progress which can be useful for estimating data quality, understanding the activity of VGI communities or predicting future developments. This work proposes a conceptual as well as technical framework for structuring and analyzing mapping activity building on the concepts of activity theory. Taking OpenStreetMap as an example, the work outlines the necessary steps for converting database changes into user-and feature-centered operations and higher-level actions acting as a universal scheme for arbitrary spatio-temporal analyses of mapping activities. Different examples from continent to region and city-scale analyses demonstrate the practicability of the approach. Instead of focusing on the interpretation of specific analysis results, the work contributes on a meta-level by addressing several conceptual and technical questions with respect to the overall process of analyzing VGI community activity.

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From April to November 2017, the non-profit research organisation Salzburg Research conducted the "Digibus© 2017" trial, the first trial of a self-driving shuttle on a public road in Austria. The shuttle from the French company Navya Tech has been tested on a 1.4-km long track in the village of Koppl, which is situated approximately ten kilometres east from the City of Salzburg. The trial in Koppl was one of the first trials worldwide on public roads with mixed traffic in a rural area. The focus of this trial was on the real-world evaluation of a self-driving shuttle for bridging the first/last mile in public transport. From April to November 2017, 240 test drives with 874 passengers covering 341 test kilometres have been conducted. Results show that the technology is ready for testing, but there is still a long way to go for driverless operation, especially in mixed traffic scenarios. The work describes the trial setting, the test route, the process of deploying the shuttle, experiences collected during the trial as well as results from a passenger survey. The accompanying passenger survey with 294 participants revealed high acceptance and a good feeling of safety.