Resumen. La presencia de la mujer en el ámbito laboral es mayor cada día, sin embargo los roles y estereotipos de género que prevalecen en nuestra sociedad impiden su pleno desarrollo profesional sobre todo en profesiones como la Ingeniería que ha sido considerada como de corte masculino. Su posición minoritaria promueve que estas mujeres sean consideradas como mujeres tokens o mujeres coartadas, floreros, vitrinas o símbolos. Este fenómeno del “tokenismo” (Kanter, 1977) hace referencia a una de las formas en las cuales se hace presente con mayor frecuencia la resistencia de la organización a la inclusión de la mujer y al establecimiento de la “igualdad real” sobre la creencia de que la igualdad existe sólo con su presencia. La presente investigación** se enmarca en el paradigma cualitativo; para la recolección de datos se empleó la entrevista semiestructurada y tuvo como objetivo analizar los estereotipos de género en el ámbito laboral en profesiones masculinas, específicamente el caso de las Ingenieras Mecánicas Electricistas (IMEs). Las informantes clave fueron IMEs egresadas de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (UASLP) con experiencia laboral afín a su profesión. Los resultados muestran que las mujeres que optan por profesiones de corte masculino, tal es el caso de las IMEs, se enfrentan a una serie de barreras que dificultan su desarrollo profesional. Una de estas barreras es el fenómeno de “tokenismo”, que provoca que las mujeres afronten condiciones que impiden su desarrollo profesional tales como: la alta visibilidad, por ser sujetos únicos dentro de su ambiente de trabajo; la polarización, al ser excluidas o discriminadas de ciertas áreas, actividades o tareas; y la asimilación, en la que las características de las mujeres, se distorsionan para que encajen en las ideas preconcebidas (Simpson, 2004) acerca de su sexo. Palabras clave: roles y estereotipos de género, ingenieras, discriminación, exclusión, tokenismo.Abstract. The presence of women in the workplace is greater every day, however the gender roles and stereotypes that prevail in our society prevent their full professional development especially in professions such as Engineering that has been considered as male. Their minority position promotes these women to be considered tokens or women alibis, vases, showcases or symbols. This phenomenon of “tokenism” (Kanter, 1977) refers to one of the ways in which the organization’s resistance to the inclusion of women and the establishment of “real equality” over belief that equality exists only with its presence. The present research*** is framed in the qualitative paradigm; the semi-structured interview was used to collect data and had as objective to analyze the gender stereotypes in the labor field in male professions, specifically in the case of Mechanical Electrical Engineers (MEEs). The key informants were MEEs graduated from the Universidad Autónoma of San Luis Potosí (UASLP) with work experience related to their profession. The results show that women who choose male professions, such as MEEs, face a series of barriers that hinder their professional development. One of these barriers is the phenomenon of “tokenism”, which causes women to face conditions that impede their professional development such as: high visibility, because they are unique subjects within their work environment; Polarization, when excluded or discriminated against certain areas, activities or tasks; And assimilation, in which the characteristics of women, are distorted to fit preconceived ideas (Simpson, 2004) about their sex.Keywords: gender roles and stereotypes, engineering, discrimination, exclusion, tokenism.
ResumenLa presencia de la mujer en el ámbito laboral es mayor cada día, sin embargo, los roles y estereotipos de género que prevalecen en nuestra sociedad dificultan su desarrollo profesional, por ejemplo, en la ingeniería, profesión considerada masculina. El presente estudio es de corte cualitativo. Las participantes clave son Ingenieras Mecánicas Electricistas (IMEs) egresadas de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (UASLP). Los resultados muestran que las participantes son asignadas en espacios como la oficina mientras que sus compañeros varones se desenvuelven fuera de la oficina implementando los proyectos. Existe además una diferenciación en las tareas y actividades que realizan. Estas diferencias muestran los diversos retos a los que se enfrentan las mujeres al elegir profesiones consideradas como masculinas. Palabras clave: Género, estereotipos, roles. AbstractThe presence of women in a workplace is larger every day; however, gender roles and stereotypes that prevail in our society hinder their professional development, for example in engineering, a profession considered masculine. The present study is qualitative. The key participants are female Electrical Mechanical Engineers (EMEs) graduated from the Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (UASLP). The results show that the participants are assigned in spaces such as offices whereas their masculine colleagues move out of the office to implement the projects. There is also a differentiation in the tasks and activities they perform. The differences show the various challenges women face when choosing professions considered masculine.
collection were performed on days 3, 5, 7 or 12+/-1 day for admitted patients. All clips with 2 or more B-lines were included (N¼80), as well as a random selection of 70 clips with 1 or fewer B-lines. B-line count for inclusion was based on visual rating by two researchers with POCUS training. A POCUS fellowship trained emergency physician visually assessed each clip frame and counted the maximum number of B-lines per clip. This was compared to automatic counts by the commercially available Lumify TM Lung B-lines Quantification software by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cohen's weighted kappa.Results: Of the 899 total clips,150 clips from 30 unique subjects and 44 overall exams were used for analysis, with 100 clips from patients with confirmed COVID by PCR. The average maximum B-line count by algorithm was 1.52 +/-1.24, and that by expert was 1.60 +/-1.35 (ns). The ICC between algorithm and expert was 0.87 (95% CI 0.83-0.91), with a weighted kappa of 0.64 (95% CI 0.48-0.81), indicating substantial agreement. Average of maximum B-line counts, ICC and weighted kappa between algorithm and expert were comparable for COVID+ and COVID-subgroups as well as between transducer types. For COVID + subgroup, the average of maximum B-line counts was 1.73 +/-1.28 for algorithm and 1.78 +/-1.37 for expert, with weighted kappa 0.67 (95% CI 0.50-0.84), and ICC 0.87 (95% CI 0.83 to 0.91).Conclusion: An automated algorithm developed on non-COVID patients can accurately distinguish and quantify B-lines in clips from patients with COVID-19, with substantial agreement to expert visual rating.
La presente investigación se enmarca en el paradigma cualitativo y tiene como objetivo conocer cómo han llevado a cabo su práctica docente nueve maestros de educación primaria, estudiantes del programa de maestría en educación primaria de la benemérita y centenaria Escuela Normal del Estado de San Luis Potosí, México, haciendo énfasis en la enseñanza de la lectura y escritura a través de la virtualidad. Los resultados muestran que los docentes han mantenido comunicación con sus alumnos a través de WhatsApp, plataformas virtuales y sesiones sincrónicas. Respecto a las estrategias de enseñanza-aprendizaje en relación con la lectura y escritura, se mencionan los foros de lectura, escritura y redacción de textos diversos.
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