In simple terms, space can be interpreted as a container of activity. The complexity of an urban environment begins with a variety of activities which then affect the arrangement of space. The variety of activities requires an effective and efficient space configuration that is determined by the formation of spatial structures. As part of a configuration, space is not only a node, but also a path or path that is generally public. This node and path connects the fields and binds them in a relationship system (lingkage system). The research method uses a space configuration analysis approach through calculation of total depth, mean depth, and RA. Next is a descriptive analysis. The research parameters consisted of: connectivity, integrity, intelligibility, and axial line. The results of the study showed that space configuration occurred resulting in 7 (seven) spatial configurations.Keyword: Connectivity, integrity, intelligibility, lingkageAbstrak: Secara sederhana, ruang dapat diartikan sebagai wadah aktivitas. Kompleksitas yang dimiliki lingkungan perkotaan dimulai dengan beragamnya aktivitas yang kemudian berdampak pada susunan ruang. Beragamnya aktivitas membutuhkan konfigurasi ruang yang efektif dan efisien yang ditentukan dari pembetukan struktur ruang. Sebagai bagian darisebuah konfigurasi, ruang tidak hanya berbentuk node, tetapi juga path atau jalur yang umumnya bersifat publik. Node dan path ini menghubungkan lahan-lahan dan mengikatnya dalam suatu sistem hubungan (lingkage system). Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan analisis konfigurasi ruang melalui perhitungan total depth, mean depth, dan RA. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisis deskriptif. Parameter penelitian terdiri dari: cennectivity, integrity, intelligibility, dan axial line.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan konfugiransi ruang yang terjadi menghasilkan 7 (tujuh) konfigurasi ruang.Kata Kunci: Konektivitas, integritas, kejelasan, keterkaitan

An investigation of Congo Red photodegradation using

No abstract

Zirconia has advantageous thermal stability and acid–base properties. The acidity character of ZrO2 can be enhanced through the sulfation process forming sulfated zirconia (ZrO2-SO4). An acidity test of the catalyst produced proved that the sulfate loading succeeded in increasing the acidity of ZrO2 as confirmed by the presence of characteristic absorptions of the sulfate group from the FTIR spectra of the catalyst. The ZrO2-SO4 catalyst can be further modified with transition metals, such as Platinum (Pt), Chromium (Cr), and Nickel (Ni) to increase catalytic activity and catalyst stability. It was observed that variations in the concentrations of Pt, Cr, and Ni produced a strong influence on the catalytic activity as the acidity and porosity of the catalyst increased with their addition. The activity, selectivity, and catalytic stability tests of Pt/ZrO2-SO4, Cr/ZrO2-SO4 and Ni/ZrO2-SO4 were carried out with their application in the hydrocracking reaction to produce liquid fuel. The percentage of liquid fractions produced using these catalysts were higher than the fraction produced using pure ZrO2 and ZrO2-SO4 catalyst.

The synthesis and characterization of iron oxide-montmorillonite and its structural stability test with various concentration of sulfuric acid were conducted. Synthesis was performed by treating Na-montmorillonite clay with oligocations of iron, followed by calcinating the intercalation compound of oligocations-montmorillonite at 200oC for 24 hours. Calcined product was then characterized to determine the iron content, basal spacing and its porosities distribution. To test structural stability againts strong acid (i.e. sulfuric acid), the composites were dispersed into solution of sulfuric acid with various concentration, i.e: 1, 2 and 3M for 24 hours. The characterization result, especially from x-ray-diffractometry analysis, demonstrated that modification of montmorillonite using iron (III)oxide produced so called house of card structure as indicated by its broad, low intensity reflection at 2θ  = 5-6o. The addition of sulphuric acid into composite resulted in probably the formation of face to face arrangements indicated by the appearance of 001 plane reflection. The acid treatment also caused the decrease in the iron content of the iron oxide-montmorillonite as shown by its neutron activated analysis result. The iron content of iron oxide-montmorillonite before the acid treatment was 32,01% w/w, and after the acid treatment was 14.08% w/w (with sulfuric acid of 1M), 6.05% w/w (sulfuric acid of 2M) and 5,98% w/w (with sulfuric acid of 3M), respectively. In general, the sulphuric acid treatment to the composite did not distore the 001 planes of the montmorillonite.   Keywords: pillarization, montmorillonite, structure stability