Pigeons have been the subject of research in the past, but the knowledge gained is incomplete and must be extended. The aim of the study was to provide information about differences in carcass weight and measurements, carcass composition, proximate chemical composition, acidity, electrical conductivity, color attributes, the texture, rheological properties and microstructure of the meat, and some biometric characteristics of the digestive system in carrier and King pigeons, and also to determine if the two compared breeds meet the expectations of pigeon meat consumers to the same extent. The study involved 40 carcasses from carrier pigeons and King pigeons after three reproductive seasons. The chemical composition was determined by near-infrared transmission (NIT) spectroscopy, color coordinates according to CIELab, the texture according to Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) and Warner–Bratzler (WB) tests, and the rheological properties of meat according to the relaxation test. The compared pigeon groups differed significantly (p < 0.05) in carcass weight and measurements, carcass composition (except breast muscle percentage), chemical composition (except leg muscle collagen content) and electrical conductivity, lightness (L*), yellowness (b*), chroma (C*) and hue angle (h*), textural characteristics (except cohesiveness and Warner‒Bratzler shear force), rheological properties, microstructure of the pectoralis major muscle, as well as the total length of intestine and its segments, duodenal diameter, weight of proventriculus, gizzard, liver, heart, and spleen. The sex of the birds had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the carcass weight, chest circumference, carcass neck percentage, breast muscle collagen content, and caeca length. The genotype by sex interaction was significant (p < 0.05) for fat content, collagen content, hardness, sum of elastic moduli and sum of viscous moduli of the pectoralis major muscle, protein and collagen content of leg muscles, duodenal and caecal length, jejunal and ileal diameter, and spleen weight. The obtained results show a significant effect of genetic origin and sex on the nutritive and technological value of the meat, and on the digestive system development of the pigeons.
Raising dual-purpose hens for meat is believed to bring more economic benefits to farmers selling products directly to consumers. The aim of the study was to determine the differences between the carcass features and the digestive system of multipurpose hens and spent broiler breeders. In the experiment, 20 carcasses of 70-week-old Rosa 1 dual-purpose hens and 20 carcasses of 62-week-old Ross 308 broiler breeders were used. Measurements of the length of various sections of the intestine and the diameter of individual intestinal segments were made. During the gutting, proventriculus, gizzard, liver, heart, and spleen were separated and then weighed. Dual-purpose hens differed significantly (p < 0.05) from broiler breeders in weight and carcass dimensions. Multipurpose hens were characterized by significantly lower (p < 0.05) percentages of breast muscles, leg muscles, skin with subcutaneous fat, wings, and carcass remainders. Broiler breeders were characterized by significantly longer (p > 0.05) total intestinal length, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and terminal intestine. Significant differences were confirmed in terms of the diameter of some segments of the intestine. Broiler breeder hens also had a greater mass of internal organs compared to the dual-purpose layer hens.
Wydajność oraz cechy fizykochemiczne mleka ssaków zależą od czynników genetycznych, fizjologicznych oraz środowiskowych. Ze względu na wartościowy skład chemiczny i potencjalnie prozdrowotne właściwości na popularności zyskuje obecnie mleko klaczy i oślic. Zawartość białka w mleku klaczy (1,5 ÷ 2,8 %) jest większa niż w mleku oślic (1,5 ÷ 1,8 %) i mniejsza niż w mleku krowim (3,1 ÷ 3,8 %). Mleko klaczy polecane jest m.in. ze względu na zawartość laktoferyny (9,9 ÷ 10,0 % białek serwatkowych) i lizozymu (6,6 ÷ 6,9 % białek serwatkowych) oraz immunoglobulin (18,7 ÷ 20,9 % białek serwatkowych). Udział białek odpornościowych w mleku krowim i oślim mieści się w zakresie odpowiednio: 10,1 ÷ 11,7 % oraz 10,9 ÷ 11,2 % w stosunku do zawartości białek serwatkowych, natomiast lizozym w mleku krów występuje w ilościach śladowych, podczas gdy w mleku oślic jego zawartość może wynosić nawet 20 %. Drugim po lizozymie składnikiem antybakteryjnym jest laktoferyna. Najwięcej jej zawiera mleko oślic (23,4 ÷ 25,1 % białek serwatkowych), następnie mleko klaczy (9,9 ÷ 10,0 % białek serwatkowych) i krów (7,8 ÷ 8,4 % białek serwatkowych). Zawartość laktozy w mleku oślic, klaczy i krów wynosi odpowiednio: 5,8 ÷ 7,4 %, 5,8 ÷ 7,0 % oraz 4,4 ÷ 4,9 %, natomiast tłuszczu: 0,28 ÷ 1,82 %, 0,5 ÷ 2,0 % oraz 3,5 ÷ 4,0 %. Mleko oślic jest bogate w witaminę C, a zawiera mniej witamin A i E. Charakteryzuje się także większą zawartością witamin D3 i B2, zarówno w porównaniu z mlekiem krowim, jak i z mlekiem klaczy. Mleko krów i oślic charakteryzuje się większą zawartością sodu, wapnia i cynku niż mleko klaczy. W mleku oślic obserwuje się także najmniejszą zawartość potasu i miedzi oraz największą – żelaza. Najbogatsze w miedź i potas jest natomiast mleko krów. Wartościowy skład chemiczny mleka klaczy oraz oślic czyni je interesującym dla technologów oraz dietetyków.
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