Background Free‐breathing noncontrast‐enhanced (non‐CE) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) techniques are of considerable interest for the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism (APE), due to the possibility for repeated examinations, avoidance of side effects from iodine‐based contrast agents, and the absence of ionizing radiation exposure as compared to CE‐computed tomographic angiography (CTA). Purpose To analyze the clinical performance of free‐breathing and electrocardiogram (ECG)‐gated radial quiescent‐interval slice‐selective (QISS)‐MRA compared to CE‐CTA and to Cartesian balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP)‐MRA. Study Type Prospective. Subjects Thirty patients with confirmed APE and 30 healthy volunteers (HVs). Field Strength/Sequence Radial QISS‐ and bSSFP‐MRA at 1.5T. Assessment Signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) were computed to compare the pulmonary imaging quality between MRA methods. The pulmonary arterial tree was divided into 25 branches and an ordinal scoring system was used to assess the image quality of each pulmonary branch. The clinical performance of the two MRA techniques in accurately assessing APE was evaluated with respect to CE‐CTA as the clinical reference standard. Statistical Tests Wilcoxon signed‐rank and Spearman's correlation tests were performed. Sensitivity and specificity of the MRA techniques were determined using CE‐CTA as the clinical reference standard. Results Thrombus‐mimicking artifacts appeared more frequently in lobar and peripheral arteries of patients with Cartesian bSSFP than with radial QISS‐MRA (pulmonary trunk: 12.2% vs. 14.0%, P = 0.64; lobar arteries: 35.6% vs. 22.0%, P = 0.005, peripheral arteries: 74.4% vs. 49.0%, P < 0.001). The relative increases in SNR and of CNR provided by radial QISS‐MRA with respect to Cartesian bSSFP‐MRA were 30–35% (P‐values of SNR/CNR, HVs: 0.09/0.09, patients: 0.03/0.02). The image quality of pulmonary arterial branches was considered good to excellent in 77.2% of patients with radial QISS‐MRA and in 43.2% with Cartesian bSSFP‐MRA (P < 0.0001). The clinical performance of radial QISS‐MRA was higher than Cartesian bSSFP‐MRA for grading embolism, with a total sensitivity of 86.0% vs. 80.6% and a specificity of 93.3% vs. 84.0%, respectively. Data Conclusion Radial QISS‐MRA is a reliable and safe non‐CE angiographic technique with promising clinical potential compared to Cartesian bSSFP‐MRA and as an alternative technique to CE‐CTA for the diagnosis of APE. Level of Evidence 1 Technical Efficacy Stage 3

Adenomyosis is associated with a negative impact on reproductive outcomes. Although adenomyosis is detected more frequently in women of late reproductive age, its impact on pregnancy rates is important because, in today’s world, family planning has shifted towards the late reproductive phase of life for many women. Although the diagnostic indications for imaging studies are well-known, we lack strict diagnostic criteria and classification systems concerning the extent of the disease. Selecting the optimal evidence-based treatment option for adenomyosis is difficult because of the paucity of evidence concerning the association between fertility and the degree and composition of adenomyosis. Furthermore, the treatment of infertility might interfere with the treatment of adenomyosis due to the presence of pain. The aim of this review is to analyze the association between adenomyosis and infertility, and describe treatment options to enhance reproductive outcomes. The following aspects will be addressed in detail: (a) prevalence and causes of adenomyosis, (b) diagnostic tools with imaging techniques, (c) clinical symptoms, (d) proposed pathomechanism of adenomyosis and infertility, and (e) different treatment approaches (pharmacological, surgical, others) and their impact on reproductive outcomes.

(1) Background: Preoperative imaging of the lower leg arteries is essential for planning fibular grafting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and clinical value of non-contrast-enhanced (CE) Quiescent-Interval Slice-Selective (QISS)-magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) for reliably visualizing the anatomy and patency of the lower leg arteries and for preoperatively determining the presence, number, and location of fibular perforators. (2) Methods: The anatomy and stenoses of the lower leg arteries and the presence, number, and location of fibular perforators were determined in fifty patients with oral and maxillofacial tumors. Postoperative outcomes of patients after fibula grafting were correlated with preoperative imaging, demographic, and clinical parameters. (3) Results: A regular three-vessel supply was present in 87% of the 100 legs. QISS-MRA was able to accurately assign the branching pattern in patients with aberrant anatomy. Fibular perforators were found in 87% of legs. More than 94% of the lower leg arteries had no relevant stenoses. Fibular grafting was performed in 50% of patients with a 92% success rate. (4) Conclusions: QISS-MRA has the potential to be used as a preoperative non-CE MRA technique for the diagnosis and detection of anatomic variants of lower leg arteries and their pathologies, as well as for the assessment of fibular perforators.

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