Introduction and purpose of the work: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common condition in the general population. In its course, excessive fatty acids are deposited in liver cells. The best way to prevent it is to reduce weight by being physically active and eating a proper low-calorie diet. The purpose of this study is to describe the potential health benefits of the mediterranean diet in people with NAFLD. For this purpose, the literature available in the PubMed database was reviewed using the following keywords: mediterranean diet; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (MASH). State of the knowledge: The mediterranean diet is rich in fruits, vegetables, nuts, fish, olive oil and whole-grain products. It has the effect of decreasing insulin resistance, which is a major cause of NAFLD. In addition, it exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In recent years, numerous clinical studies have been conducted analyzing the effects of this diet on laboratory results, liver steatosis and progression to steatohepatitis (MASH) in patients with NAFLD. Conclusions: The results of the studies show that following a mediterranean diet can prevent as well as alleviate the course of this disease. However, there is a need for more clinical studies, on larger groups of people to recognize the mediterranean diet as an effective form of NAFLD therapy.

Introduction and Purpose. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age worldwide. Patients may present with a wide range of symptoms. According to the most commonly used Rotterdam criteria, the presence of 2 out of 3 criteria is required for diagnosis: clinical and/or biochemical markers of hyperandrogenism (HA); ovulation disorders (oligo- or anovulation); polycystic ovaries on ultrasound (PCOM); and exclusion of disorders mimicking the clinical features of PCOS. The basis of treatment are birth control pills, metformin and antiandrogens. The pathogenesis of the syndrome is not fully understood. The aim of the study is to summarize the potential health benefits of vitamin D supplementation for women with PCOS based on publications from the last 10 years available on Pubmed. State of knowledge. Vitamin D receptors have been identified not only in calcium-regulating tissues, but also in many reproductive organs, such as the ovary (especially granulosa cells), uterus, placenta, testes, as well as hypothalamus and pituitary gland. In recent years, there have been studies analyzing the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the hormonal balance, metabolism and clinical symptoms in women with PCOS. Summary. The results of studies on vitamin D supplementation in women with PCOS are mixed. Some of them are promising and confirm a beneficial effect on glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, hormonal balance, alleviation of HA-related symptoms, improvement of menstrual frequency; while the results of other studies do not show significant improvement and do not confirm these effects. Therefore, there is a need for further research on the relationship between the pathogenesis of PCOS and vitamin D and the impact of its supplementation.

Introduction and purpose of work: COVID-19 is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Vitamin D is categorized as a steroid hormone that affects the body's calcium-phosphate balance. It also exerts an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory function. Numerous studies indicate that vitamin D levels may have an impact on the course of COVID-19 infection. The purpose of this study is to describe the potential health benefits of vitamin D supplementation in COVID-19 patients. The literature available in the PubMed database was reviewed using the following keywords: "vitamin D"; "COVID-19 infection"; "SARS-Cov-2 virus". Stan wiedzy: Witamina D zmniejsza ryzyko ciężkiej ostrej infekcji górnych dróg oddechowych i COVID-19 poprzez jej wpływ na zmniejszenie replikacji wirusa, zmniejszenie produkcji cytokin prozapalnych i zwiększenie integralności komórek śródbłonka w drogach oddechowych. Stymuluje również syntezę katelicydyny i beta-defensyn. Białka, o których mowa, wykazują bezpośrednią aktywność przeciwwirusową. Część badań dowodzi, że niedobór witaminy D zwiększa śmiertelność, potrzebę inwazyjnej i nieinwazyjnej wentylacji u pacjentów z SARS-Cov-2-dodatnim. Udowodniono, że odpowiednia suplementacja omawianej witaminy zmniejsza ryzyko zakażenia COVID-19 nawet u osób wrażliwych. Wnioski: Wykazano, że obniżony poziom witaminy D zwiększa częstość występowania i nasilenie infekcji COVID-19. Istnieje potrzeba dalszych badań w celu potwierdzenia suplementacji witaminy jako skutecznej metody zapobiegania i łagodzenia infekcji wirusem SARS-Cov-2.

Sclerosing stromal tumor (SST), located in the ovary, is a very rare disease entity. To date, only a few hundred cases of ovarian SST have been confirmed worldwide. Preoperative diagnosis of stromal tumor is difficult, as clinically and radiologically it resembles other types of ovarian tumors. These tumors present nonspecific symptoms, with irregular menstrual bleeding, lower abdominal pain and palpable pelvic lesions being the most common. Differentiation and diagnosis is possible only thorough histopathological examination and immunophenotyping. In the present study, we presented a case report of a young, 20-year-old patient with an oligosymptomatic  ovarian stromal tumor. We compared and summarized the diagnostic and therapeutic process, as well as the tumor immunophenotypes, with recent cases reported in the literature.

Introduction: Trichotillomania is a mental disorder in which the patient persistently and recurrently pulls out his own hair, which results in varying degrees of hair loss. This causes considerable suffering and impairs quality of life, but patients rarely seek specialist help. It affects 0.5–3% of the general population, but data may be underestimated due to low reporting. Aim of the study: The aim of our study is to summarize the current state of knowledge on the treatment of trichotillomania. Materials and methods: The literature available in the PubMed and Google Scholar database was reviewed using the following keywords: "trichotillomania", "trichophagia", "trichobeozar", "trichotillomania treatment". Results: Treatment of TTM is difficult and involves many methods. The division of therapeutic methods focuses mainly on psychotherapy and pharmacological treatment. The greatest effectiveness is attributed to cognitive-behavioral therapy, especially habit reversal training. Medications can help reduce symptoms, especially in the presence of other disorders, e.g. depression, anxiety disorders. Conclusions: Trichotillomania contributes to significant suffering and negatively affects functioning in social and professional life. The basis of its treatment is psychotherapy, but there are many reports on the effectiveness of selected drugs (SSRIs, clomipramine, antipsychotics, N-acetylcysteine, naltrexone, lamotrigine, bupropion, dronabinol, inositol), but they require further research on a larger group of patients.