Since a long time, the preservation of the socket is emphasized for various reasons. Many studies have suggested the ridge preservation through socket grafting using various bone graft substitute materials (GSMs). But none of the studies suggested the material of choice for the grafting. So, the systematic review was planned to analyze the outcomes of synthetic hydroxyapatite (SHA) graft material for socket preservation. The review was aimed to determine the existing evidence for the use of SHA GSM for grafting and its usefulness. Materials and methods: The literature search was performed for the studies published in the English language independently by all four authors (search team) in the Medline database through the PubMed search engine for the past 5 years. The study involved predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria for the search. The final lists of clinical trials were analyzed to determine the existing evidence and suggested the mechanism of action. Review results: The search resulted in 117 titles. After application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of seven studies were found eligible for this systematic review. Out of seven, two studies were found eligible for meta-analysis whereas remaining included for the systematic review. Conclusion:The meta-analysis favors socket grafting compared to control in terms of preservation of existing bone height and width. The SHA grafting showed successful bone regeneration with less connective tissue component. The histomorphometric evaluation showed a good bone regeneration associated with SHA than xenograft. Within the limitations of this meta-analysis, the synthetic GSM can be used for socket grafting. Clinical significance: In the wake of increasing graft materials in the market and different origin raw material sources for the preparation of graft materials, clinicians are in dilemma for selection and its use. The success of grafting depends on the selection of appropriate material with a suitable calcium/phosphate (Ca/P) ratio. The review provided available evidence for the use of SHA.

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Inspired by the Basilica group B, we describe a general construction which allows us to associate to any group of automorphisms G Ä Aut.T / of a rooted tree T a family of Basilica groups Bas s .G/, s 2 N C . For the dyadic odometer O 2 , one has B D Bas 2 .O 2 /. We study which properties of groups acting on rooted trees are preserved under this operation. Introducing some techniques for handling Bas s .G/, in case G fulfills some branching conditions, we are able to calculate the Hausdorff dimension of the Basilica groups associated to certain GGS-groups and of generalisations of the odometer, O d m . Furthermore, we study the structure of groups of type Bas s .O d m / and prove an analogue of the congruence subgroup property in the case m D p, a prime.

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