The volatiles of Cyperus giganteus (Cyperaceae), cultivated in the state of Pará were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The major components identified in the rhizome oil of C. giganteus were cyperotundone (25.9%) and cyperene (10.4%).
RESUMO -Os objetivos deste trabalho foram isolar, identificar e caracterizar a atividade alelopática de substâncias químicas produzidas por Acacia mangium, além de determinar as variações na atividade das substâncias em função da variação do pH da solução. A atividade alelopática foi avaliada em bioensaios de germinação (25 o C de temperatura e fotoperíodo de 12 horas) e crescimento de radícula e hipocótilo (25 o C de temperatura e fotoperíodo de 24 horas) das plantas daninhas malícia (Mimosa pudica) e mata-pasto (Senna obtusifolia). Avaliou-se a interferência do pH (3,0 e 9,0) da solução na atividade alelopática das substâncias sobre a germinação das sementes da espécie malícia. Os triterpenoides lupenona (3-oxolup-20(29)-eno) e lupeol (3β-hidroxilup-20(29)-eno), obtidos das folhas caídas da planta doadora, isolados e em par, evidenciaram baixo efeito alelopático inibitório da germinação de sementes e do crescimento do hipocótilo, especialmente do primeiro, cujos efeitos não ultrapassaram o valor de 2,0%. Os efeitos promovidos sobre o crescimento da radícula foram de maior magnitude, atingindo valores superiores a 40%, com destaque para as inibições promovidas pela substância lupenona. Isoladamente, as substâncias promoveram efeitos superiores aos efetivados pelas substâncias analisadas em pares, indicando a existência de antagonismo. O pH da solução influenciou a atividade alelopática das substâncias; para lupenona os efeitos foram mais intensos em pH ácido, enquanto para lupeol os melhores resultados foram verificados em condições alcalinas, mostrando que este fator é ponto importante a ser considerado em trabalhos de campo.Palavras-chave: alelopatia, Leguminosae, lupenona, lupeol.ABSTRACT -The aim of this study was to isolate, identify and characterize the allelopathic activity of the substances produced by Acacia mangium and to determine the variations of this activity according to the pH variation of the solution. The allelopathic activity was evaluated in germination bioassays (at 25 o C and under 12-12 h light-dark cycle) and radicle and hypocotyl development (at 25 o C and under 24-24 h light-dark cycle) of the weed species malicia (Mimosa pudica) and matapasto (Senna obtusifolia). The influence of the pH (3.0 and 9.0) of the solution in the allelopathic activity of the substances on seed germination of the same species was evaluated. The triterpenoids Lupenone (3 oxolup-20(29)-ene) and Lupeol (3β-hydroxylup-20(29)-ene), obtained from fallen leaves of the donor plant, separately and in pair, showed low allelopathic effects on seed germination and hypocotyl growth, especially on the former, with effects showing values lower than 2%. The effects on radicle growth were higher than the other two, reaching values above 40%, especially inhibition promoted by the substance Lupenone. Separately, each substance showed higher effects than those observed when tested in pair, indicating the existence of antagonism. The pH of the solution influenced the allelopathic activity of the substances; for Lupenone, the effe...
RESUMO -Este estudo visou identificar substâncias biologicamente ativas e o potencial alelopático de esteroides glicosilados, provenientes das sementes de Annona crassiflora. O isolamento dos esteroides glicosilados foi realizado com a separação dos constituintes químicos do extrato bruto de acetato de etila em coluna cromatográfica, sendo a completa elucidação estrutural por meio de espectroscopia de RMN ABSTRACT -This work aimed to identify substances and the allelopathic potential of steroidal glycosides, isolated from the seeds of Annona crassiflora. Isolation of steroidal glycosides was carried out with the separation of chemical components of ethyl acetate extract in a chromatographic column and identified by 1H NMR. Germination tests with Euphorbia heterophylla and Ipomoea grandifolia were carried out in BOD Germinator at 25 o C and 12 hr photoperiod, monitored for 10 days at concentrations of 0, 20, 40, 80 and 100 mg L -1 of the materials isolated. Using the same concentrations, experimental radicle and hypocotyl development was maintained at 25 o C with 24hr photoperiod for 10 days. After the ethyl acetate extract was submitted to fractioning, the presence of characteristic signs of steroids in the 1H NMR spectrum was verified, providing a mixture of stigmasterol and sitosterol glycoside. The results indicate that the substances stigmasterol and sitosterol did not inhibit germination and germination velocity index (SIG) of E. heterophylla and I. grandifolia. However, both substances affected radicle and hypocotyl development of E. heterophylla.
Chemical investigation of the rhizomes of Cyperus distans (Cyperaceae) led to the identification of α-ciperone, cyperotundone and scabequinone, besides other common constituents. Complete assignment of the (13)C NMR data of scabequinone is being published for the first time. The inhibitory effects of C. distans extracts and scabequinone on the seed germination and seedling growth of Mimosa pudica, Senna obtusifolia and Pueraria phaseoloides were evaluated. Seed germination inhibition bioassay revealed that S. obtusifolia (52-53%) was more sensitive to the hexane and the methanol extracts at 1% than M. pudica (0-10%). Scabequinone at 250 mg L⁻¹ displayed seed germination inhibitions more than 50% and radicle growth reduction of more than 35% of the test species S. obtusifolia and P. phaseoloides, while the hypocotyl growth of M. pudica was significantly affected (>50%) by the quinone at the same concentration. These results demonstrate that scabequinone contributes to the overall inhibitory activities of C. distans.
Abstract:In this study, the adsorption capacity of the industrial residue from the metallic silicon production process (adsorbent) in front of the methyl orange dye (adsorbate) was investigated by applying adsorption isotherms. Among the factors that influence the adsorption process, point of zero charge, the particle size and the chemical composition of the adsorbent were investigated. The mechanism of the kinetic adsorption process was evaluated using linear models of pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and Weber-Morris. The adsorption equilibrium characteristics were determined by applying the Freundlich, Tempkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption isotherm models. The kinetics adsorption follows a mechanism that is characteristic of a pseudo-second-order reaction and for the equilibrium isotherms models investigated, the empirical model of Dubinin-Radushkevich was the one that best fit the experimental data.Keywords: Adsorption; Methyl orange; Spectrophotometry; Residue. ResumoNeste estudo foi investigada a capacidade de adsorção do resíduo industrial proveniente do processo de produção do silício metálico (adsorvente) frente ao corante alaranjado de metila (adsorvato) aplicando-se isotermas de adsorção. Dentre os fatores que influenciam o processo de adsorção foram investigados o ponto de carga zero, a granulometria e a composição química do adsorvente. O mecanismo do processo cinético de adsorção foi avaliado utilizando-se modelos lineares de pseudo primeira-ordem, pseudo segunda-ordem e WeberMorris. As características do equilíbrio de adsorção foram determinadas aplicando-se os modelos de isotermas de adsorção de Freundlich, Tempkin e Dubinin-Radushkevich. O estudo da cinética de adsorção demonstrou que a adsorção segue um mecanismo característico de uma reação de pseudo segunda-ordem e dentre os modelos de isotermas de equilíbrio investigados, o modelo empírico de Dubinin-Radushkevich foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais.
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