Vertebral column pathologies requiring surgical intervention have been described in pet ferrets, however little information is available on the normal vertebral formula and congenital variants in this species. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe vertebral formulas and prevalence of congenital vertebral anomalies in a sample of pet ferrets. Radiographs of 172 pet ferrets (96 males and 76 females) were included in this retrospective study. In 143 ferrets (83.14%), five different formulas of the vertebral column were recorded with normal morphology of vertebrae (rib attachment included) but with a variable number of thoracic (Th), lumbar (L), and sacral (S) vertebrae. The number of cervical (C) vertebrae was constant in all examined animals. Observed vertebral formulas were C7/Th14/L6/S3 (51.74%), C7/Th14/L6/S4 (22.10%), C7/Th14/L7/S3 (6.98%), C7/Th15/L6/S3 (1.74%), and C7/Th15/L6/S4 (0.58%). Formula C7/Th14/L6/S4 was significantly more common in males than in females (P < 0.05). Congenital spinal abnormalities were found in 29 ferrets (16.86%), mostly localized in the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral regions. The cervical region was affected in only one case. Transitional vertebrae represented the most common congenital abnormalities (26 ferrets) in the thoracolumbar (13 ferrets) and lumbosacral regions (10 ferrets) or simultaneously in both regions (three ferrets). Other vertebral anomalies included block (two ferrets) and wedge vertebra (one ferret). Spina bifida was not detected. Findings from the current study indicated that vertebral formulas may vary in ferrets and congenital abnormalities are common. This should be taken into consideration for surgical planning.

A 4-month-old, 20 kg, intact male, cane corso dog was presented with a slowly growing subcutaneous lesion on the left caudoventral abdominal wall. Ultrasound and computed tomography angiography revealed a subcutaneous plexus of aberrant tortuous vessels directly connected with the superficial branch of the deep circumflex iliac artery and vein. The arteriovenous malformation (AVM) was successfully surgically removed. Early recognition and surgical removal of AVM can have excellent cosmetic results and prevents potential cardiovascular complications.

The aim of the study was to find the difference between actual and anticipated frequencies of individual types of FCP (fragmented coronoid process) in relation to the extent of radioulnar incongruity.We evaluated the radiographs of elbow joints (n = 135) of dogs (n = 77) with arthroscopically (n = 109) or arthrotomically (n = 26) proven fragmented coronoideus medialis ulnae. Radioulnar incongruity was classified as a congruent joint (0-0.5 mm), moderate incongruity (0.6-2 mm) and marked incongruity (> 2.1 mm). In elbow joints without radiologically identifiable radioulnar incongruity (0-0.5 mm) significantly higher occurrence of fissured PCM (processus coronoideus medialis) was found (p < 0.01). In elbow joints with pronounced radioulnar incongruity (> 2.1 mm) we found significantly higher occurrence of FCP with a dislocated fragment (p < 0.001).The results of this study suggest the possibility of using the assessment of radioulnar incongruity from radiographs of elbow joints in mediolateral projection for specifying the X-ray diagnosis of FCP with regard to the type of FCP lesion.

The aim of the study was to find the frequency of radiologically detectable "kissing" lesion in individual variants of fragmented processus coronoideus medialis (FCP) and its occurrence in relation to sex. The radiographs of elbow joints (n = 135) of dogs (n = 77) in which a fragmented processus coronoideus medialis ulnae was detected arthroscopically (n = 109) or arthrotomically (n = 26) were evaluated. Significantly higher occurrence of radiologically detectable "kissing" lesion was found in elbows with non-dislocated and dislocated fragment (p < 0.01). Significantly lower occurrence of radiologically detectable "kissing" lesion was found in elbows with chondromalacia of processus coronoideus medialis (PCM) (p < 0.01). We found no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the occurrence of a "kissing" lesion in males and females with FCP. The occurrence of the "kissing" lesion extending to the subchondral bone was not affected by sex. The results of our study suggest the possibility of identifying elbow joints with completely fragmented FCP on the basis of occurrence of a radiologically detectable "kissing" lesion. Fragmented coronoid process, elbow, dog

The aim of the study was to find whether there is a difference in the optical density of the subtrochlear region of incisura trochlearis and in the region of processus coronoideus medialis ulnae in elbow joints with fragmented processus coronoideus and in healthy elbow joints of the Labrador retriever breed.We evaluated digital radiographs of elbows (n = 26) with arthroscopically or arthrotomically proven FCP and digital radiographs of healthy elbows (n = 28). A template was made on radiographs in the JiveX program (Visus Technology Transfer) demarcating individual regions of interest (ROI) in which median optical density was measured. For normalisation of median optical density data of individual ROI, median optical density of the caudal ulnar cortex was used. Elbow joints with fragmented processus coronoideus had a lower mean median optical density in the distal part of incisura trochlearis compared to healthy elbow joints. The lowest median optical densities were found in the region of processus coronoideus medialis and in the distal part of the trochlear notch of the ulna in the region of processus coronoideus lateralis. The biggest difference in median optical densities between elbows with FCP and healthy elbows was found in regions distant from the articular surface.In evaluation of the opacity of the trochlear notch of the ulna it is appropriate to assess the whole region of the proximal ulnar metaphysis from the articular surface to the caudal ulnar cortex. Dog, elbow dysplasia, subtrochlear sclerosis, fragmented coronoid process